edward snowden
愛德華·斯諾登_百度百科
斯諾登_百度百科 網(wǎng)頁新聞貼吧知道網(wǎng)盤圖片視頻地圖文庫資訊采購百科百度首頁登錄注冊進(jìn)入詞條全站搜索幫助首頁秒懂百科特色百科知識專題加入百科百科團(tuán)隊權(quán)威合作下載百科APP個人中心愛德華·斯諾登播報討論上傳視頻美國中央情報局(CIA)前雇員收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden),1983年6月21日出生于美國北卡羅來納州伊麗莎白市,前CIA(美國中央情報局)技術(shù)分析員,后供職于國防項目承包商博思艾倫咨詢公司。2013年6月,斯諾登將美國國家安全局關(guān)于PRISM監(jiān)聽項目的秘密文檔披露給了《衛(wèi)報》和《華盛頓郵報》,隨即遭美國政府通緝,事發(fā)時人在香港,隨后飛往俄羅斯。6月21日,斯諾登通過《衛(wèi)報》再次曝光英國“顳颥”秘密情報監(jiān)視項目。8月1日,斯諾登離開俄羅斯謝列梅捷沃機(jī)場前往莫斯科境內(nèi),并獲得俄羅斯為期1年的臨時避難申請。2014年8月,俄羅斯律師稱,愛德華·斯諾登再次獲得俄羅斯的居留許可,期限為3年。2015年9月6日,斯諾登獲挪威“比昂松言論自由獎”,空椅子代其領(lǐng)獎。2016年4月,斯諾登在俄出單曲,在推特上同美國少女群聊。2020年10月22日,塔斯社援引斯諾登律師稱,俄羅斯已給予斯諾登永久居留權(quán); [1]11月2日,據(jù)俄羅斯衛(wèi)星網(wǎng)報道斯諾登決定提交美俄雙重國籍申請。 [2]當(dāng)?shù)貢r間2022年9月26日,斯諾登獲得俄羅斯國籍。 [23-24]中文名愛德華·約瑟夫·斯諾登外文名Edward Joseph Snowden別????名The True HOOHA(網(wǎng)名)國????籍美國、俄羅斯出生日期1983年06月21日畢業(yè)院校安妮阿倫德爾社區(qū)學(xué)院主要成就揭露美國“棱鏡”計劃揭露Xkeyscore計劃曝光美國“核心機(jī)密”曝光監(jiān)聽門出生地美國北卡羅來納州伊麗莎白市職????務(wù)美國中央情報局(CIA)前雇員目錄1人物經(jīng)歷2個人生活?家庭情況?感情經(jīng)歷?他鄉(xiāng)生活?父子見面3藝術(shù)作品4獲獎記錄5棱鏡事件6人物評價人物經(jīng)歷播報編輯愛德華·斯諾登在2004年加入美國陸軍。他想?yún)⒓右晾藨?zhàn)爭,因為認(rèn)為自己是有責(zé)任解放受壓迫的人。不過,斯諾登在一次訓(xùn)練中跌斷雙腿,被迫退役。之后,他在國家安全局得到首份工作,在馬里蘭大學(xué)一個秘密設(shè)施任職保安員,其后轉(zhuǎn)到中情局擔(dān)任資訊科技保安,憑借卓越的網(wǎng)絡(luò)知識和電腦技能,迅速獲破格晉升。2007年,CIA將其派駐瑞士日內(nèi)瓦負(fù)責(zé)維持計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全,并給予其外交身份掩護(hù)。2009年,斯諾登離開中情局,為戴爾計算機(jī)公司工作,隨后作為博思艾倫公司(Booz Allen Hamilton)雇員在國安局工作4年。他在做好披露機(jī)密的準(zhǔn)備后,向公司請假,于2013年5月20日離開夏威夷前往香港,藏匿在一家酒店。2013年5月離開美國時,他已在國防承包商Booz Allen Hamilton工作了不到三個月,職務(wù)是在夏威夷的一處國家安全局設(shè)施內(nèi)擔(dān)任系統(tǒng)管理員。他約有$200,000美元的年薪,與女友一起過著舒適的生活。但他愿意犧牲這一切,因為對美國政府的秘密監(jiān)控工程感到良心不安。《衛(wèi)報》形容斯諾登對隱私的價值懷有強(qiáng)烈的熱情,他的筆記本電腦上附有支持互聯(lián)網(wǎng)自由組織的標(biāo)簽,包括電子前哨基金會(EFF)和Tor。盡管他說自己曾“相信奧巴馬的保證”,但還是在2008年大選中將選票投給了“第三黨”。政治獻(xiàn)金記錄顯示他為榮·保羅的初選進(jìn)行過捐贈。2013年6月23日,香港特區(qū)政府就斯諾登事件發(fā)表聲明,證實斯諾登已離開香港。斯諾登在《衛(wèi)報》采訪的視頻中指出,藏身香港,是因為香港承諾保障言論自由及政治異見人士。2013年7月2日,據(jù)俄羅斯“Vesti”電視臺報道,俄羅斯外交部駐莫斯科謝列梅杰沃機(jī)場領(lǐng)事代表金·舍甫琴科透露,斯諾登已向俄羅斯遞交政治避難申請。2013年8月1日,據(jù)法新社報道,美國“棱鏡門”項目泄密者愛德華·斯諾登的律師周四(1日)表示,斯諾登已經(jīng)離開了莫斯科機(jī)場,此前他剛剛獲得了有限期為一年的俄羅斯臨時難民身份。2013年12月11日,美國《外交政策》雜志評選美國國安局承包商前雇員愛德華·斯諾登為2013年全球百名思想家榜首。逃亡路線圖2014年1月2日,《紐約時報》發(fā)表社論,認(rèn)為愛德華·斯諾登扮演的是檢舉人角色,其揭發(fā)的信息具有重要價值,呼吁對他予以赦免或從寬處理。2014年1月22日,愛德華·斯諾登在莫斯科接受了美國雜志《紐約客》的采訪,堅決否認(rèn)自己是俄羅斯間諜,并稱這種猜測是荒唐而可笑的。2014年1月24日,愛德華·斯諾登舉行網(wǎng)上直播答問會,就網(wǎng)友關(guān)心的監(jiān)控相關(guān)問題回答了提問。他在答問中強(qiáng)調(diào),自己“沒有盜取過任何密碼”。2014年1月29日,挪威前部長索赫捷爾推薦斯諾登為諾貝爾和平獎提名人。2014年2月18日,斯諾登高票當(dāng)選為英國格拉斯哥大學(xué)學(xué)生校長,任期3年。學(xué)生校長是格拉斯哥大學(xué)獨(dú)特的職位,由學(xué)生投票選舉產(chǎn)生,斯諾登的前任是英國前自由民主黨領(lǐng)袖查爾斯·肯尼迪。 [3]2014年7月31日開始在俄羅斯的避難生活后,斯諾登便很少公開露面。從2013到2014年,他不時接受媒體訪問,還以視頻連線方式出現(xiàn)在世界各大活動中。2014年7月底,斯諾登2013年獲得的在俄避難許可已正式到期,俄羅斯當(dāng)局和斯諾登方面此前均表示,斯諾登已經(jīng)遞交了延長庇護(hù)的申請,2014年8月,俄羅斯移民部門的消息稱,斯諾登的這一延長申請被接受,再次獲得俄羅斯的居留許可,期限為3年。2015年10月初流亡俄羅斯的斯諾登(Edward Snowden)接受英國廣播公司(BBC)訪問時指出,英國政府通信總部(GCHQ)可以通過傳送一個加了密碼的簡訊到要跟監(jiān)者的手機(jī)里,再借此拍攝照片和竊聽。2020年4月16日,斯諾登遞交文件申請延長在俄羅斯居留3年,斯諾登的在俄居住證于2020年4月到期。 [4]2020年10月22日,塔斯社援引斯諾登律師稱,俄羅斯已給予斯諾登永久居留權(quán)。 [1] [5-6]2020年11月2日,據(jù)俄羅斯衛(wèi)星網(wǎng)報道斯諾登決定提交美俄雙重國籍申請。斯諾登在社交媒體“推特”上寫道:“在經(jīng)歷了多年與父母的離別之后,我與妻子不想再與兒子分開。因此在疫情和邊境遭封鎖期間,我們正提交美俄雙重國籍的申請?!?[2] [7]當(dāng)?shù)貢r間2022年9月26日,俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京簽署命令,決定給予包括美國前防務(wù)承包商雇員愛德華·斯諾登在內(nèi)的多名人士俄羅斯公民身份。 [22]該總統(tǒng)令已被公布在俄羅斯國家法律門戶網(wǎng)站上。 [24]據(jù)俄羅斯衛(wèi)星通訊社12月2日報道,美國情報部門前雇員愛德華·斯諾登已宣誓成為俄羅斯公民。 [25]個人生活播報編輯家庭情況愛德華·斯諾登愛德華·斯諾登的父親,賓夕法尼亞州的居民,是一名美國海岸警備隊的官員。他的母親,馬里蘭州巴爾的摩居民,是一個馬里蘭區(qū)美國地方法院的辦事員。他有一個做律師的姐姐,居住在印第安納州的瓦爾帕萊索。1999年,斯諾登舉家搬遷到馬里蘭州埃利科特市,在那里他在安妮·阿倫德爾社區(qū)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)計算機(jī)專業(yè)(computing),以獲得必要的學(xué)分用以獲得高中文憑,但他沒有完成課程,其后他獲得普通教育發(fā)展證書。在動身前往香港之前,斯諾登與他的女朋友住在夏威夷、西歐胡島、維帕。感情經(jīng)歷2013年6月10日,據(jù)英國媒體報道,愛德華·斯諾登在泄密前有個穩(wěn)定的女友,兩人原本打算結(jié)婚,不過突然的泄密事件導(dǎo)致他們的婚事幾乎無望。面對變故,他的女友林賽·米爾斯非常痛苦,10日借助博客公開了自己當(dāng)前傷心欲絕的心境,“我的世界突然敞開,又突然關(guān)閉。我像是迷失在海上,身邊沒有指南針。我流著淚水,一邊打著字,一邊回想一路陪我走過的人,那些和我一起歡笑、一起牽手的人,那個我最深愛的人,以及那些我來不及說再見的人?!蓖ㄟ^米爾斯的博客來看,這兩人彼此深愛對方,米爾斯在博客中用“謎一樣的男人”來形容斯諾登。 [8]2013年10月10日,美國媒體援引斯諾登的律師庫切列納的話報道稱。這名律師沒有透露斯諾登女友的身份,此前,俄的美女間諜曾主動向斯諾登示愛?;橐?020年11月2日報道,斯諾登將成為一名父親。斯諾登妻子的預(yù)產(chǎn)期在12月末。 [2]他鄉(xiāng)生活2013年10月7日,俄羅斯一家新聞網(wǎng)站公布一張疑似斯諾登上街購物的照片。2016年4月斯諾登在俄近況照片顯示,一名留著山羊須、貌似斯諾登的男子架著太陽眼鏡,身穿長袖休閑襯衣和牛仔褲,推著一輛裝著大包小包的超市手推車橫穿馬路。附近停泊的汽車上的車牌以及不遠(yuǎn)處的交通標(biāo)志,均表明這張照片是在俄羅斯拍攝的。另據(jù)俄羅斯媒體報道,斯諾登的父親朗尼斯諾登近日內(nèi)將抵達(dá)俄羅斯看望兒子。庫切列納透露:“簽證問題已經(jīng)解決,我們預(yù)計斯諾登的父親將很快來到莫斯科,其他親屬也將來俄?!彼怪Z登告誡少女與自己網(wǎng)聊會被監(jiān)控2013年10月,斯諾登律師庫齊利納指出,斯諾登已在俄羅斯找到工作,“11月起斯諾登將開始工作,他將在俄羅斯某大型網(wǎng)站從事網(wǎng)站維護(hù)工作”??紤]到安全因素,庫齊利納并未透露斯諾登的具體工作網(wǎng)站。不過此前俄羅斯最大社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)VK網(wǎng)曾力邀斯諾登前往工作。2016年4月,斯諾登在俄出單曲,推特上同美國少女群聊。他不僅與著名法國電子音樂制作人讓-米歇爾·雅爾聯(lián)手打造一首名叫《出口》(Exit)的歌曲,而且還在“推特”上加入了美國青春期少女的群聊。關(guān)于單曲,斯諾登在《衛(wèi)報》發(fā)布的視頻中表示,一直很欣賞電子樂,印象中最有趣的旋律來自視頻游戲。音樂具有連接人生不同時刻功能。當(dāng)自謙道,“作為不是很酷的工程師,自己可以參與文化項目很讓自己吃驚”時,他開心地大笑。群聊中的少女并不知道斯諾登是誰在群聊中,美國的青春期少女們一開始并不知道加入群聊的斯諾登是誰。而斯諾登卻讓大家叫他Ed(其名字中愛德華的縮寫),他表示自己不喜歡太正式的稱呼,不喜歡被稱為“斯諾登先生”。斯諾登先是問大家都在哪里看新聞,然后又警告女孩子們,同他網(wǎng)聊風(fēng)險可不小,因為一定會受到監(jiān)控,如果想保持自由自在,最好還是不要和自己聊天。父子見面2013年6月28日,“棱鏡門”事件主角愛德華·斯諾登的父親朗尼·斯諾登已致信美國司法部長霍爾德,提出在審判前不予拘捕等三項條件,愿在此基礎(chǔ)上勸子回國自首。他強(qiáng)調(diào)斯諾登沒有犯叛國罪,即便他披露聯(lián)邦政府監(jiān)視項目的信息,也只是“背叛受雇的政府,但我不認(rèn)為他背叛美國人民”。斯諾登父親有信心說服兒子回國自首,但前提是保證審判前不得拘捕或囚禁斯諾登、不得發(fā)布禁言令,以及斯諾登有權(quán)選擇審判地點。 [9]2013年7月2日,“棱鏡”項目泄密者斯諾登的父親寫了一封公開信,贊揚(yáng)斯諾登“將美國民眾召集在一起對抗不斷增長的暴政獨(dú)裁危機(jī)”。據(jù)稱,此舉是為了讓公眾繼續(xù)關(guān)注斯諾登泄密行為的意義,而非他的去向問題。2013年10月10日斯諾登的父親朗·斯諾登已于當(dāng)日抵達(dá)莫斯科,并將與斯諾登見面。斯諾登的俄籍律師庫切連納表示,考慮到安全因素,斯諾登父子見面的時間與地點都將保密。藝術(shù)作品播報編輯紀(jì)錄片以愛德華·斯諾登本人曝光的棱鏡門事件拍成了紀(jì)錄片《第四公民》,本片獲得了第八十七屆奧斯卡最佳紀(jì)錄片獎。雕塑愛德華·斯諾登2015年4月6日凌晨,一座愛德華·斯諾登的雕像驚現(xiàn)于紐約布魯克林一座公園內(nèi),在格林堡公園的監(jiān)獄船烈士紀(jì)念碑旁,一座斯諾登的半身像被放置在大理石柱上,前面的巨鷹雕塑底部還寫上了斯諾登的名字,官方于當(dāng)天下午將之拆除。 [10]2016年,斯諾登與電子音樂家合作歌曲,該首歌曲為電音歌曲。 [10]獲獎記錄播報編輯個人榮譽(yù)獲獎時間獎項名稱獲獎結(jié)果2015-09-062015年比昂松言論自由獎 [11]獲獎2015-02-032015年諾貝爾和平獎提名2013-10-102013年山姆亞當(dāng)斯道德獎獲獎2013-09-142013年薩哈羅夫獎提名2013-08-232013年諾貝爾和平獎提名媒體獲獎獲獎時間獎項名稱獲獎作品獲獎結(jié)果2014-04-072014年普利策新聞獎“棱鏡門”報道獲獎棱鏡事件播報編輯2013年,斯諾登向媒體提供機(jī)密文件致使包括“棱鏡”項目在內(nèi)美國政府多個秘密情報監(jiān)視項目“曝光”。斯諾登曝光的文檔顯示,這一監(jiān)控項目代號為PRISM,目前為止尚未對公眾披露。通過該項目,美政府直接從包括微軟、蘋果、谷歌、雅虎、Facebook、PalTalk、AOL、Skype、YouTube以及在內(nèi)的這9個公司服務(wù)器收集信息。棱鏡監(jiān)控項目相關(guān)圖解(1張)愛德華·斯諾登公開材料后藏身在香港一家酒店內(nèi)。由于擔(dān)心被窺探,他用枕 [11]頭堵著酒店房間的門縫以防止被竊聽。他還把一個大紅色的罩子罩在他的頭和筆記本電腦上,然后再輸入自己的密碼,以防止任何隱藏的攝像頭檢測到它們。他表示有些焦慮不安。2013年6月10日,來自酒店方面的消息說,斯諾登十號中午已退房離開,下落不明。2013年6月10日,英國《衛(wèi)報》報道稱,在經(jīng)過數(shù)天采訪之后,該報應(yīng)斯諾登的要求公開了他的身份。之后,斯諾登曝光美國國家安全局侵入中國通信行業(yè)。愛德華·斯諾登針對公開這些機(jī)密文件舉動,斯諾登表示:“我知道我的舉動會讓我經(jīng)受災(zāi)難,但如果聯(lián)邦政府的秘密法令、不平等赦免以及不可抗拒執(zhí)行力量等這些支配著我所深愛的世界時,這些被立即曝光出來,我會非常滿足?!本S基解密網(wǎng)站披露,美國“棱鏡門”事件泄密者愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden)在向厄瓜多爾和冰島申請庇護(hù)后,又向19個國家尋求庇護(hù)。根據(jù)維基解密網(wǎng)站2013年7月1日晚曝光的名單,這19個國家包括奧地利、玻利維亞、巴西、中國、古巴、芬蘭、法國、德國、印度、意大利、愛爾蘭、荷蘭、尼加拉瓜、挪威、波蘭、俄羅斯、西班牙、瑞士、委內(nèi)瑞拉。據(jù)悉,此前斯諾登曾在維基解密網(wǎng)站創(chuàng)始人朱利安·阿桑奇(Julian Assange)的幫助下獲得厄瓜多爾安全通行證,但隨后被厄瓜多爾總統(tǒng)拉斐爾·科雷亞(Rafael Correa)撤銷。2013年7月1日美國“監(jiān)控門”事件揭秘者斯諾登1日發(fā)表新聲明,抨擊美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬和美國政府,并威脅將向外界披露更多機(jī)密。2013年7月16日,俄羅斯克里姆林宮一名前律師阿納托利·庫齊利納稱,對美國情報機(jī)構(gòu)泄密者斯諾登提出臨時避難申請。美侵入中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)美國前中央情報局雇員斯諾登跟香港英文報章披露,美國國家安全局(NSA)自2009年起即入侵香港及中國內(nèi)地的計算機(jī),目標(biāo)包括香港中文大學(xué)、公職官員、企業(yè)及學(xué)生電腦。 [12]斯諾登稱,自2009年以來,美國在全球進(jìn)行了6.1萬次的滲透行動,目標(biāo)包括數(shù)百個內(nèi)地及香港的個人以及機(jī)構(gòu)。隨后有分析,斯諾登所指的,應(yīng)是設(shè)在港中大內(nèi)、服務(wù)香港本地的網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)交換的香港互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交換中心(HKIX),以及華南重點衛(wèi)星遙感研究設(shè)施──衛(wèi)星遙感地面接收站。 [12]Xkeyscore計劃愛德華·斯諾登(3張)斯諾登于2013年7月31日再度將美國更大規(guī)模監(jiān)控計劃“Xkeyscore”的細(xì)節(jié)曝光。這項名為“Xkeyscore”的監(jiān)控計劃“幾乎可以涵蓋所有網(wǎng)上信息”,可以“最大范圍收集互聯(lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)”,內(nèi)容包括電子郵件、網(wǎng)站信息、搜索和聊天記錄等等。“Xkeyscore”計劃已經(jīng)協(xié)助美國情報機(jī)構(gòu)抓捕了數(shù)百名恐怖嫌犯,但外界對如此大規(guī)模的監(jiān)控計劃仍感到非常擔(dān)憂。斯諾登稱,他受雇于美國國家安全局(NSA)時,曾有機(jī)會使用“Xkeyscore”計劃。他曾形容,只要有相應(yīng)的電子郵件地址,他可以對任何人進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,下至平民百姓,上至法官總統(tǒng)。各國反應(yīng)美國國家安全局已向美國司法部申請對斯諾登的行為進(jìn)行犯罪調(diào)查。國家情報總監(jiān)James Clapper說,斯諾登的“魯莽的披露”已經(jīng)在媒體中造成“顯著的錯誤印象”。在斯諾登的身份公開前,美國眾議院情報特別委員會主席Mike Rogers對告密人的評價是“我絕對認(rèn)為他們應(yīng)受到檢控”。美國、香港民眾聲援 斯諾登 活動(15張)斯諾登的雇主Booz Allen Hamilton發(fā)表了一份聲明,譴責(zé)他的行為是“令人吃驚的”、“對我們公司的行為準(zhǔn)則與核心價值和嚴(yán)重違反”。曾在1971年向《紐約時報》透露五角大樓秘密文件的丹尼爾·艾爾斯伯格(Daniel Ellsberg)說斯諾登“為這個民主體制做出了巨大的,無法估量的服務(wù)”,并說自己等了數(shù)十年才看到“這樣一位真正準(zhǔn)備好以公民身份為他的國家冒生命危險的人,顯示出戰(zhàn)場上的人們應(yīng)有的勇氣”。白宮網(wǎng)站上出現(xiàn)了一則請愿,要求“對斯諾登的任何與披露國家安全局秘密監(jiān)聽項目的犯罪行為或可能的犯罪行為給予完全的,自由的,以及絕對的寬恕”。報道說,潘斯科夫未明說莫斯科當(dāng)局是否會接納斯諾登,但親政府議員對此構(gòu)想表示歡迎。俄羅斯國家杜馬外事委員會主席普什科夫在Twitter上稱,“美國方面一定會很抓狂,他們認(rèn)為這是自己才有的權(quán)利。”他說道。中國楊潔篪強(qiáng)調(diào),中國中央政府一向尊重香港特區(qū)政府依法辦事。特區(qū)政府依法處理斯諾登案,無可非議,各方都應(yīng)予以尊重。針對媒體報道美國對中國實施網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控一事,中國外交部發(fā)言人華春瑩2013年6月13日在北京表示,希望中美雙方冷靜、客觀看待有關(guān)問題。她同時強(qiáng)調(diào),雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無益于解決網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題。獲俄避難一年(6張)華春瑩說:“中美雙方已同意在戰(zhàn)略安全對話框架下建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作組。我們希望雙方能本著心平氣和的態(tài)度,冷靜、客觀地看待有關(guān)問題,通過對話溝通,增進(jìn)了解信任,加強(qiáng)合作,共同構(gòu)建和平、安全、開放、合作的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間。我們認(rèn)為在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題上采取雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無益于問題的解決?!比A春瑩指出,中國是世界上最主要的黑客攻擊受害國之一,網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全需要國際社會的對話和合作?!爸蟹绞蔷W(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的堅定維護(hù)者。中國政府一貫高度重視網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題,反對任何形式的黑客和網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊行為。我們認(rèn)為,網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全是個全球性問題,國際社會應(yīng)本著相互尊重、相互信任的原則,進(jìn)行建設(shè)性的對話和合作?!绷赫裼ⅲ簩聪愀鄯珊图榷ǔ绦蛱幚硭怪Z登事件。 [13]英國英國政府2013年6月10日發(fā)出警示,警告航空業(yè)者不要允許斯諾登搭乘前往英國的飛機(jī),因為他“極有可能不被允許進(jìn)入”該國。一名外交官還說,任何允許斯諾登進(jìn)入英國的航空業(yè)者將可能受到2000英鎊的罰金。委內(nèi)瑞拉委內(nèi)瑞拉總統(tǒng)尼古拉斯·馬杜羅2013年6月27日晚些時候重申,委內(nèi)瑞拉愿予以斯諾登政治避難。馬杜羅稱斯諾登為“勇士”,說:“如果這名年輕人需要得到人道主義保護(hù)并認(rèn)為自己能來委內(nèi)瑞拉,委內(nèi)瑞拉準(zhǔn)備好以人道主義方式保護(hù)這名年輕勇士?!睋?jù)悉,馬杜羅訪問俄羅斯期間將與普京總統(tǒng)舉行會談。馬杜羅此前曾表示,如果收到斯諾登的正式請求,委內(nèi)瑞拉考慮為他提供庇護(hù)。而對于沒有有效旅行證件的斯諾登來說,馬杜羅是可以帶他離開俄羅斯的一個可能人選。 [14]2013年7月5日,委內(nèi)瑞拉總統(tǒng)馬杜羅宣布,該國同意為美國“監(jiān)控門”事件揭秘者斯諾登提供庇護(hù)。委內(nèi)瑞拉的這一表態(tài),立即轟動世界。巴西美國“棱鏡門”曝光者斯諾登17日在巴西報紙公開表示,希望以協(xié)助調(diào)查美國情報監(jiān)控活動來換取巴西政治避難。對此,巴西外交部當(dāng)天發(fā)表聲明認(rèn)為,斯諾登的避難請求“不正式”且“不嚴(yán)肅”。聲明指出,政治避難申請需要通過特定程序提出,并應(yīng)向巴西政府正式遞交,公開信并不是正式申請。此外,政治避難是用來保護(hù)受政治迫害者的一種極其嚴(yán)肅的制度,并非用來交換情報的手段。聲明表示,即便提出了正式避難申請,也必須接受巴西當(dāng)局評估。根據(jù)憲法,給予政治避難是政府的一種特權(quán),需經(jīng)總統(tǒng)府、司法部和外交部三方的協(xié)商同意。 [15]人權(quán)組織斯諾登(22張)“人權(quán)觀察”組織駐莫斯科的代表娜塔莉亞·洛克申娜在Facebook上公布一封斯諾登向聯(lián)合國在莫斯科的人權(quán)組織發(fā)出的邀請函,稱將就其去向問題舉行會談。雖然這一會談不會向媒體開放,但是已經(jīng)有大批的記者聚集在機(jī)場大廳。2013年6月23日~2013年7月15日,斯諾登已半個多月未公開露面。當(dāng)?shù)貢r間下午4點40分左右,會談?wù)秸归_。根據(jù)會場流出的照片,斯諾登比此前接受《衛(wèi)報》采訪時略顯消瘦,但沒有大的變化,除了頭發(fā)略微長長。他表示,在機(jī)場的生活狀況“挺好”、“因為這里很安全?!备鶕?jù)與會人員在社交網(wǎng)站上實時更新的信息,斯諾登表示,已經(jīng)收到來自委內(nèi)瑞拉、俄羅斯、玻利維亞、尼加拉瓜以及厄瓜多爾等國的邀請,他本人對此表示感謝。斯諾登表示,他將接受這些邀請,但希望這些國家能夠提供安全到達(dá)拉丁美洲的方式。同時,他已向俄羅斯正式申請政治避難,但最終會選擇去拉丁美洲。俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京曾表示,俄羅斯接受斯諾登避難申請的前提是他停止對美國的“傷害”。據(jù)參與會議的俄羅斯國家杜馬議員尼科諾夫轉(zhuǎn)述,斯諾登知道俄方的條件并愿意接受。斯諾登表示,“我并沒有打算也沒有做過傷害美國的事,我希望美國能夠勝利?!彼怪Z登稱,他無法向國際組織求助,因為它們都要求斯諾登本人去找。聯(lián)合國難民署高官已承認(rèn)斯諾登是難民,但美國政府并不承認(rèn)這一點?!拔业奶幘呈牵彼怪Z登說,“我只能接受俄羅斯的邀請,因為我不能夠去其他地方?!备鶕?jù)洛克申娜的轉(zhuǎn)述,斯諾登稱他希望能夠呆在俄羅斯,籌備下一階段出行。他同時希望國際組織能夠請求美國與歐盟不要再介入他的避難申請。俄羅斯國家杜馬議員尼科諾夫、俄羅斯人權(quán)全權(quán)代表盧金及國際人權(quán)組織代表和一些律師參加了這場會議。這一會議持續(xù)45分鐘。隨后,斯諾登通過維基揭秘發(fā)表一份聲明?!按蠹液?,我叫斯諾登”,斯諾登在聲明中稱,“一個多月前,我有家庭,我活得很舒服。我還曾擁有不經(jīng)授權(quán)就尋找、獲取、閱讀你們通訊的能力,任何時間任何人的通訊內(nèi)容。那是改變?nèi)藗兠\(yùn)的權(quán)利?!彼怪Z登表示,“那是對法律的違反……非道德無法通過秘密法律的使用被轉(zhuǎn)化為道德?!彼怪Z登會見人權(quán)組織(4張)斯諾登在聲明中稱,“我并不是尋求自己富裕,我也不尋求販賣美國的秘密。我沒有為了我的安全而與任何外國政府為伍。恰恰相反,我把我知道的東西交給了公眾,我們?nèi)w能夠在開放的氛圍中討論影響我們?nèi)w的東西,我向世界索要正義……我所做的事情是正確的,我對此絕不后悔?!彼诼暶髦姓埱笸饨缭?,從“相關(guān)國家”獲得讓他前往拉丁美洲的保證。再次爆料曝光“核心機(jī)密”2014年10月10日,愛德華·斯諾登再度爆料,披露美國國家安全局(NSA)最高級別的“核心機(jī)密”行動,稱NSA在中國、德國、韓國等多個國家派駐間諜,并通過“物理破壞”手段損毀、入侵網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備。NSA對中國的監(jiān)控項目還獲取了中央情報局(CIA)、聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(FBI)和國防情報局(DIA)的支持,這主要得益于“魚鷹哨”項目帶來的的跨情報系統(tǒng)合作。要問“魚鷹哨”是什么,還得提起“老鷹哨兵”。從斯諾登曝光的機(jī)密文件可看出,美國國家安全局不僅通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控,還通過“人力情報”項目以“定點襲擊”的方式挖取他國機(jī)密。斯諾登的最新爆料再次證實,美國是世界上頭號網(wǎng)絡(luò)竊密者和攻擊者。多年來,美方倚仗自己所掌握的核心技術(shù)和全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,持續(xù)不斷地對外國政府、企業(yè)、個人進(jìn)行大規(guī)模、有組織、有預(yù)謀的網(wǎng)絡(luò)竊密和監(jiān)聽活動。2015年2月19日,英國《衛(wèi)報》報道,美國中央情報局前員工愛德華·斯諾登披露的資料顯示,美英兩國的情報機(jī)構(gòu)入侵了世界最大的手機(jī)sim卡制造商金雅拓公司,從而可以不受限制地訪問全球數(shù)十億部手機(jī)。 [16]2015年5月24日,斯諾登爆料網(wǎng)站“截?fù)簟币约凹幽么髲V播電視新聞共同披露稱,美國“棱鏡”計劃披露者斯諾登提供的文件顯示,美國及其盟國的情報部門計劃攔截智能手機(jī)與谷歌應(yīng)用商店之間的數(shù)據(jù)連接,以達(dá)到用惡意軟件感染手機(jī)、獲取手機(jī)用戶信息的目的。曝光監(jiān)聽門2015年3月5日,新西蘭主流媒體《新西蘭先驅(qū)報》5日公布據(jù)信由美國“棱鏡門”爆料人愛德華·斯諾登提供的文件,顯示新西蘭情報機(jī)構(gòu)政府通信安全局在“五只眼”情報監(jiān)聽聯(lián)盟中負(fù)責(zé)搜集南太平洋地區(qū)國家包括所羅門群島、斐濟(jì)、基里巴斯、湯加、瓦努阿圖、瑙魯和薩摩亞的情報,并把相關(guān)信息分享給美國、加拿大、英國和澳大利亞。 [17]曝光英美情報單位美國國家安全局承包商前雇員斯諾登日前在接受媒體采訪時指出,英國情報單位政府通信總部大量投資的新科技可以侵入民眾的手機(jī)竊取個人資料信息,而當(dāng)事人完全渾然不知。目前流亡俄羅斯的斯諾登(Edward Snowden)接受英國廣播公司(BBC)訪問時指出,政府通信總部(GCHQ)可以通過傳送一個加了密碼的簡訊到要跟監(jiān)者的手機(jī)里,再借此拍攝照片和竊聽。斯諾登說,英國政府通信總部與美國國家安全局都大量投資可以“駭入”智能型手機(jī)的科技,“他們要掌控你的手機(jī)”。他說,英美情報單位通過這些新科技可以開啟或關(guān)閉手機(jī),同時攔截信息,而手機(jī)的主人渾然不知,如果手機(jī)放在當(dāng)事人的衣服口袋,情報單位可以打開麥克風(fēng),竊聽附近所有的對話,即使手機(jī)是關(guān)機(jī)狀態(tài),也可以遠(yuǎn)距離將它打開。不僅如此,情報單位還能通過智能手機(jī)找到持有人所在的位置,而且相當(dāng)精準(zhǔn)。在訪談中,斯諾登并未指控英國政府通信總部或美國國家安全局利用這項新科技大量收集民眾的私人通信數(shù)據(jù),但提醒民眾注意。政府通訊總部不愿對斯諾登的爆料內(nèi)容發(fā)表評論。相關(guān)信息維基條目:維基百科修正小組發(fā)現(xiàn),斯諾登的詞條描述從“持不同政見者”突然變?yōu)椤百u國賊”,詞條修改者的IP地址很快被鎖定為美國參議院。但維基百科無法確認(rèn)修改者是參議員、普通工作人員還是實習(xí)生。衛(wèi)報事件:英國《衛(wèi)報》記者格林瓦爾德透露,他手上掌握著美國中情局前雇員愛德華·斯諾登向他轉(zhuǎn)交的近2萬份美國政府的秘密文件。格林瓦爾德因公布愛德華·斯諾登關(guān)于美國國家安全局的大量秘密文件而出名。有關(guān)斯諾登泄密的美國“棱鏡”計劃,正是英國《衛(wèi)報》首次根據(jù)斯諾登提供的文件撰寫了相關(guān)文章 [18]。英國首相卡梅倫下令其資深政策顧問、內(nèi)閣秘書長杰里米接觸《衛(wèi)報》總編輯拉斯布里杰,要求對方上交或銷毀美國國家安全局承包商前雇員斯諾登泄露的機(jī)密文件。隨著政府施加的壓力越來越大,2013年7月20日,儲存文件的硬盤、內(nèi)存芯片在來自政府通信總部的技術(shù)人員的監(jiān)視下,被角磨機(jī)和其他工具所弄碎。 [19]擔(dān)心報復(fù)未敢投訴:美國中情局前雇員愛德華·斯諾登在接受美國《紐約時報》采訪時表示,當(dāng)時他因擔(dān)心遭到報復(fù),未敢投訴在中情局發(fā)現(xiàn)的濫用權(quán)力的現(xiàn)象,否則他早已被懷疑甚至遭到滅口。斯諾登指出,如果他對美中情局的管理制度有所抱怨,他的這些努力(指舉報美國網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng))早已被扼殺,而他自己也會被懷疑甚至可能被滅口。斯諾登爆料,2008年,當(dāng)他作為中情局的技術(shù)員工在日內(nèi)瓦工作時,負(fù)責(zé)電腦安全以及空調(diào)和供暖設(shè)備的維修等,就曾因被懷疑泄露機(jī)密而遭到上司的批評。 [20]斯諾登稱未向俄政府透露機(jī)密 資料均已銷毀2014年5月29日,“棱鏡門”曝光者愛德華·斯諾登日前接受了美國全國廣播公司(NBC)的獨(dú)家采訪。斯諾登就在俄羅斯申請政治避難給出回應(yīng),稱自己并未受俄羅斯政府指使,并且在1年的避難期間沒有向俄當(dāng)局提供過任何情報信息。斯諾登在采訪中表示,自己與俄羅斯政府毫無關(guān)系,俄羅斯沒有在背后支持他,他沒有受資助,也不是間諜。2014年4月,美國國安局前主管基斯·亞歷山大曾表示,他認(rèn)為斯諾登已經(jīng)受俄羅斯情報部門的操縱。此外,數(shù)位美方情報官員均認(rèn)為俄羅斯安全部門不太可能不向斯諾登打聽秘密情報。斯諾登連線紐約黑客大會 呼吁開發(fā)反監(jiān)控技術(shù)2014年7月20日,前美國情報機(jī)構(gòu)雇員愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden)通過視頻連線黑客大會,呼吁與會黑客開發(fā)簡單易用的反監(jiān)控技術(shù),在世界范圍內(nèi)消除監(jiān)控行為。斯諾登周六從莫斯科視頻連線到紐約舉辦的“地球黑客”(HOPE)大會,并表示他將把自己的多數(shù)時間用于推廣此類技術(shù),包括允許人們匿名通信和郵件加密的技術(shù)。曝光美國曾批準(zhǔn)對國外政黨實施網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊文件2016年7月26日,美國中情局前雇員愛德華·斯諾登在自己的推特上表示,美國政府曾批準(zhǔn)對國外政黨實施網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。為證實自己的話,斯諾登附上了一份日期為2010年7月16日的文件。文件標(biāo)注了“絕密”字樣,并具體列出了涉及的國家、國際組織、國外政治機(jī)構(gòu)。其中,國外政黨包括巴基斯坦人民黨、黎巴嫩阿邁勒運(yùn)動、印度人民黨和羅馬尼亞救國陣線。斯諾登再發(fā)驚人言論:世上沒人比特朗普更愛普京!美國中情局和國家安全局前雇員愛德華·斯諾登2018年5月25日在接受采訪時,就特朗普“通俄門”事件發(fā)表驚人言論,稱“世界上沒有人比美國總統(tǒng)特朗普更愛普京”。斯諾登說:“說實話,只要聽過特朗普說話的人,哪怕只聽過三分鐘,你都會立刻明白,像他這樣連一句完整話都說不清楚的人,似乎不太可能扮演‘秘密間諜’這樣的復(fù)雜角色,這家伙(特朗普)甚至記不起他下一句話要說什么。”“但這并不意味著他不想?yún)⑴c同俄方合作,并以此來獲取利益?!比宋镌u價播報編輯“斯諾登在曝光美國國家安全局‘棱鏡計劃’時,不惜犧牲個人、做出了英雄般的壯舉,他的個人行為讓這個世界變得更美好,更安全”(瑞典優(yōu)密歐大學(xué)社會學(xué)系教授推薦斯諾登為諾貝爾和平獎的候選人)“他不是英雄”,“他實際上就是一個應(yīng)被囚禁的浮夸的自戀者。就威瑞森公司對通訊的監(jiān)聽記錄(被披露的監(jiān)聽項目)而言,這些都是合法而權(quán)威的政府項目,斯諾登本人也應(yīng)該知道其合法性;因為在他泄漏的文件中就有表明其合法性的法令。他所揭露的并不是什么違法的事情,而只是有違他個人道義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的東西。問題就是,如果政府雇員(和承包商)僅憑個人喜惡就來肆意破壞政府項目的話,這個國家是否還能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)呢?”(紐約客雜志) [21]自稱愿回國坐牢。斯諾登接受BBC一節(jié)目訪問時,坦言自己愿意與華盛頓達(dá)成協(xié)議,讓他能返回美國,條件包括入獄,但對方一直未有響應(yīng)。新手上路成長任務(wù)編輯入門編輯規(guī)則本人編輯我有疑問內(nèi)容質(zhì)疑在線客服官方貼吧意見反饋投訴建議舉報不良信息未通過詞條申訴投訴侵權(quán)信息封禁查詢與解封?2024?Baidu?使用百度前必讀?|?百科協(xié)議?|?隱私政策?|?百度百科合作平臺?|?京ICP證030173號?京公網(wǎng)安備110000020000Edward Snowden | Education, Biography, Russia, & Facts | Britannica
Edward Snowden | Education, Biography, Russia, & Facts | Britannica
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Also known as: Edward Joseph Snowden
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Michael Ray
Michael Ray oversees coverage of European history and military affairs for Britannica. He earned a B.A. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. He was a teacher in the Chicago suburbs and Seoul,...
Michael Ray
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Edward Snowden
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Edward Joseph Snowden
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Edward Snowden (born June 21, 1983, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, U.S.) American intelligence contractor and whistleblower who in 2013 revealed the existence of secret wide-ranging information-gathering programs conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA). The case highlighted a host of issues, including the secret use of government power, privacy in the digital age, the ethics of whistleblowing, and the role that the Internet and anonymous browsers on the dark web such as Tor can play in facilitating such whistleblowing.Snowden was born in North Carolina, and his family moved to central Maryland, a short distance from NSA headquarters at Fort Meade, when he was a child. He dropped out of high school and studied intermittently between 1999 and 2005 at a community college; he completed a GED but did not receive a college degree. He enlisted in the army reserve as a special forces candidate in May 2004, but he was discharged four months later. In 2005 he worked as a security guard at the Center for Advanced Study of Language, a University of Maryland research facility affiliated with the NSA. Despite a relative lack of formal education and training, Snowden demonstrated an aptitude with computers, and he was hired by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2006. He was given a top secret clearance and in 2007 was posted to Geneva, where he worked as a network security technician under a diplomatic cover.Snowden left the CIA for the NSA in 2009. There he worked as a private contractor for the companies Dell and Booz Allen Hamilton. During this time, he began gathering information on a number of NSA activities—most notably, secret surveillance programs that he believed were overly broad in size and scope. In May 2013 Snowden requested a medical leave of absence and flew to Hong Kong, where during the following month he conducted a series of interviews with journalists from the newspaper The Guardian. Footage filmed during that period was featured in the documentary Citizenfour (2014). Among the NSA secrets leaked by Snowden was a court order that compelled telecommunications company Verizon to turn over metadata (such as numbers dialed and duration of calls) for millions of its subscribers. Snowden also disclosed the existence of PRISM, a data-mining program that reportedly gave the NSA, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Government Communications Headquarters—Britain’s NSA equivalent—“direct access” to the servers of such Internet giants as Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and Apple.On June 9, 2013, days after stories were initially published in The Guardian and The Washington Post without revealing the identity of their source, Snowden came forward, stating that he felt no need to hide because he had done nothing wrong. In a subsequent interview with the South China Morning Post, he claimed that the NSA had been hacking into Chinese computers since 2009 and that he had taken a job with Booz Allen Hamilton expressly to obtain information about secret NSA activities. The U.S. charged Snowden with espionage on June 14, and Justice Department officials, including Attorney General Eric Holder, began negotiating with authorities in Hong Kong in an attempt to initiate extradition procedures. The Hong Kong government declined to act, and Snowden, with the assistance of the media organization WikiLeaks, flew to Moscow, where his exact whereabouts became the source of intense speculation. Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin confirmed that Snowden, whose passport had been revoked by the U.S., remained within the confines of the international transit zone of Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport.Putin resolutely stated that Russia would take no part in his extradition to the United States, and Snowden applied for asylum in some 20 countries, including Russia. Putin also made clear that he did not wish for Snowden’s presence to damage relations with the United States, and he said that if Snowden wished to remain in Russia, “he must stop his work aimed at bringing harm to our American partners.” After having spent more than a month in the Sheremetyevo transit zone, Snowden was granted temporary refugee status by Russia, and he left the airport in the company of a WikiLeaks staffer.Although U.S. Pres. Barack Obama was critical of Snowden’s methods, in August 2013 he announced the creation of an independent panel to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance practices. That panel’s findings, published in December 2013, recommended that the mass collection of telephone records be suspended and advised greater oversight of sensitive programs, such as those targeting friendly foreign leaders. Obama acted on a number of these suggestions and recommended congressional review of others, but the role of the NSA and its data-collection efforts remained a bone of contention between the intelligence community and privacy advocates. In April 2014 The Guardian U.S. and The Washington Post were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for public service for their roles in reporting on the NSA leaks. Snowden characterized the award as “a vindication” of his efforts to bring the secret surveillance programs to light.
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In August 2014, as Snowden’s grant of temporary asylum expired, the Russian government awarded him a three-year residence permit (effective August 1), which would allow him to leave the country for up to three months. The permit was extended in 2017, and Snowden was granted permanent residency in 2020. In September 2022 Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin granted Snowden Russian citizenship.
In September 2019 Snowden released the memoir Permanent Record. On the same day, the U.S. Justice Department sued him to recover all of his earnings from the book, claiming that he had violated his nondisclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA by not submitting the work to them for a prepublication review. Michael Ray The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
愛德華·斯諾登 - 知乎
愛德華·斯諾登 - 知乎首頁知乎知學(xué)堂發(fā)現(xiàn)等你來答?切換模式登錄/注冊愛德華·斯諾登愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden),1983 年 6 月 21 日出生于美國北卡羅來納州伊麗莎白市,曾是 CIA(美國中央情報局)技術(shù)分析員,后供職于國防項目承包商博思艾倫咨詢公司。2…查看全部內(nèi)容關(guān)注話題?管理?分享?百科討論精華視頻等待回答?切換為時間排序如何評價斯諾登的行為?滬上秦人人性,人心,生活是悟道,過日子是修行假作真時真亦假,斯諾登當(dāng)初是受命于美國中情局高層詐降中國,企圖打入中國臥底的間諜。 那時正值互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行快速發(fā)展期。中國有悠久的歷史經(jīng)驗,自然會識破的。奧黑的這水平能瞞著中國。 中國識破了后。只能推給俄羅斯。 俄羅斯把斯諾登掛起來考驗,十年了,斯諾登看清世界了,就對美國主子絕望了,才真降了,俄羅斯才讓他入俄了。 斯諾登是忠于美國的。但美國拋棄了他。 俄羅斯的包容等待,才有真降。這是個…閱讀全文??贊同 183??5 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡如何看待普京授予斯諾登俄羅斯公民身份?楊凱光?環(huán)境保護(hù)話題下的優(yōu)秀答主斯諾登的律師阿納托利·庫切列納(Anatoly Kucherena)趕緊說,斯諾登沒有在俄羅斯武裝部隊服役的經(jīng)歷,所以不能被合法地征召入伍。 According to RIA Novosti , a Russian state-owned news agency, Mr. Snowden’s lawyer, Anatoly Kucherena, said that his client would not be eligible for the “partial mobilization” that Mr. Putin declared last week to bolster his country’s forces in the war in Ukraine. Mr. K…閱讀全文??贊同 556??43 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡我與斯諾登的一次對話世界說Hey!一起來看世界吧!“你好,我是Lulu,來自中國的記者。”主持人將第一個向斯諾登提問的機(jī)會給了我。 在這之前,還沒有來自中國大陸的記者與斯諾登直接對話過。 在《紐約時報》倫敦站站長厄蘭格(Steven Erlanger)對著面前的電腦說出“斯諾登先生,你好”之后,愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden)的畫面,出現(xiàn)在了雅典國家圖書館大廳的投影屏幕上。 [視頻: ????????′???é??????????? - ???????§?é??] 這是在9月16日《紐約時報》主辦的雅典民主論壇,斯諾登隔空參與了一個主題為“隱私與安全”的對談…閱讀全文??贊同 52??1 條評論?分享?收藏斯諾登生活細(xì)節(jié)曝光,衣食無憂與女友共筑愛巢mimi哥只是個傳說除了斯諾登的行蹤,一直以來人們都很好奇斯諾登真實的日常生活狀況。近日,有美國媒體在報道中指出,一位熟悉斯諾登生活的知情人曝光了斯諾登的近況,這位前 CIA 雇員不僅衣食無憂,而且刷 Twitter、玩 SnapChat,甚至還在用一款來自中國的加密短信軟件,生活狀態(tài)非常不錯。小編匯總了近年來媒體關(guān)于斯諾登生活新聞的報道,我們一起來看一看斯諾登的衣食住行是什么樣子吧! 眼鏡:BURBERRY 0BE1012 [圖片] 眼鏡是斯諾登身上最經(jīng)典的特征…閱讀全文??贊同 86??10 條評論?分享?收藏斯諾登于 12 月 1 日正式宣誓成為俄羅斯公民,這一消息可能會產(chǎn)生哪些影響?張艾菲?日本旅游等 2 個話題下的優(yōu)秀答主有 4 個細(xì)節(jié)值得注意。前身份,斯諾登現(xiàn)狀,美國反應(yīng),新身份。 [圖片] 前身份首先是斯諾登的前身份,National Security Agency whistleblower,那么這個詞到底是啥意思?國I家安I全告I密者。 [圖片] 什么是國I家安I全告I密者(or檢舉人)?一般解釋來講,舉I報人在報告他們合理認(rèn)為的政I府運(yùn)作中的浪費(fèi)、欺詐和濫用行為方面發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)政策,舉I報人有義務(wù)舉I報不法行為。他們報告任何擔(dān)憂,而不必?fù)?dān)心報復(fù)。就是在美國是這樣一位…閱讀全文??贊同 1027??146 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡俄烏戰(zhàn)爭火上澆油,俄羅斯收了一名美國公敵,恐讓美國惱羞成怒!硬核Deeper獨(dú)立撰稿人,小說家,學(xué)者。閱讀全文??贊同 2??3 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡? 舉報斯諾登最新泄露文檔:紐約AT&T大廈可能是NSA進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)控的秘密基地熊天然不馳于空想 不騖于虛聲[圖片] 斯諾登最近向 Intercept 泄露的絕密文檔顯示,AT&T的Long Lines大廈很有可能是NSA監(jiān)控項目TITANPOINTE的秘密基地,在這里,NSA接入AT&T通訊骨干網(wǎng)絡(luò),進(jìn)行電話、傳真和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)的竊聽監(jiān)控。Long Lines大廈 在高樓林立的紐約曼哈頓城區(qū),座落在托馬斯大街33號的美國電信AT&T總部Long Lines大廈非常特別,整棟大樓由花崗巖組成,共29層和3層地下室,沒有窗戶,Long Lines大廈看上去像是一座太空碉堡。大廈始建于上世紀(jì)六十年代,…閱讀全文??贊同 175??44 條評論?分享?收藏斯諾登于 12 月 1 日正式宣誓成為俄羅斯公民,這一消息可能會產(chǎn)生哪些影響?李哪托我們一定要解放臺灣!其實在美國的霸權(quán)倒塌之前都不會有啥影響這點我們不用往太久遠(yuǎn)了看,單看這幾年的表現(xiàn)還不夠嗎? 美國策劃多年并挑起俄烏戰(zhàn)爭,歐洲人有啥反應(yīng)嗎?不還得跟著美國鞍前馬后的對付俄羅斯,寧可自己用著十倍二十倍價格的能源,寧可苦一苦自己在寒風(fēng)中多穿幾件毛衣多燒幾根木柴、增加億點通脹也要滿足美國人的歡心,甚至有些當(dāng)事人恬不知恥的連“為美國的價值觀而戰(zhàn)”都喊出口了。 還有疫情,一個號稱唯一的超級大國,上能日天下能日…閱讀全文??贊同 277??18 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡如何看待普京授予斯諾登俄羅斯公民身份?王占計離職教師普京不愧是克格勃出身! 斯諾登表示:他獲得俄羅斯公民身份后,仍保留美國國籍,希望今后能重回美國。 美國務(wù)院發(fā)言人內(nèi)德 普萊斯說:“斯諾登先生應(yīng)回到美國伏法,就像其他美國人一樣?!?斯諾登的律師 Anatoly Kucherena 告訴Interfax 新聞社說:斯諾登并不適用于動員令。他沒服過兵役。 [圖片] 2022年9月26 ,俄新兵聚集在征兵中心外,Bataysk, Rostov-on-Don 地區(qū),南俄羅斯。美聯(lián)社 [圖片] 愛德華 斯諾登,2013年露面。法新社 克里姆林宮…閱讀全文??贊同 237??91 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡如何看待俄羅斯已給予斯諾登永久居留權(quán)?王子君手中錢、腳下路、steamdeck的重量,均不使我心安謝邀。 美帝的輿論是我最感興趣的。 翻了一堆賬號,MAGA系和Fake News系的都有,至少80%的聲音都是負(fù)面的。 有的開玩笑,說“別喝茶”(毒殺)、“離拿雨傘的人遠(yuǎn)一點”(傘尖針刺含毒),基本還是嘲諷俄羅斯特情部門的那一套; 有的高呼“斯諾登先適應(yīng)一下,川普馬上跟著去了”,這類在Fake News系媒體下最多; MAGA系媒體不用講,下面都是一片對“叛徒”的討伐聲。 可13年時不是這樣的。 斯諾登作為CIA的前職員、也是NSA的外包…閱讀全文??贊同 5939??144 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡阿桑奇和斯諾登案:美國是否冒犯了全世界?循跡作者:陳無術(shù) 圖片/排版/校對:循跡小編 全文約5600字,大約需要15分鐘。 更多有意思的音/視頻,請訂閱 循跡曉講&循跡講堂微信公眾號,在iOS App Store或各大安卓應(yīng)用市場搜索循跡講堂,聽你們熟悉又陌生的方生老師給大家講有趣的歷史故事。在我們前兩天的文章《 「川普,你號沒了」:美國社會沒有言論權(quán)嗎?| 循跡曉講 》下,有讀者希望我們可以談一談阿桑奇的問題,事實上,阿桑奇與斯諾登事件有相似性。那么,就這兩件事我們可…閱讀全文??贊同 58??15 條評論?分享?收藏如何看待俄羅斯已給予斯諾登永久居留權(quán)?帥天下?手機(jī)話題下的優(yōu)秀答主沒有比這張身份證打出更好的廣告了,敵人家的叛逆份子,就是自己人。 1、讓俄羅斯大國形象和國際威望倍增,這勝過和平年代里任何形式的戰(zhàn)爭,美國的監(jiān)聽丑聞爆發(fā),最后是俄羅斯獲勝。 2、這強(qiáng)于任何形式招賢納士的廣告,只要你有這個金剛鉆,愿意為俄羅斯效力,哪怕正在被世界頭號強(qiáng)國美帝通緝,俄羅斯也能庇護(hù)你,讓你的才華能力得以施展。 3、得道多助失道寡助,在美國監(jiān)聽丑聞中,斯諾登對于美國來說是叛逆份子,對于世界人民…閱讀全文??贊同 1018??65 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡如何評價斯諾登的行為?kazeheju團(tuán)結(jié)的人民不會被擊潰只能說在美國待的太舒服了,政府竊取民眾隱私這種事兒就能給他干破防了。 [圖片]閱讀全文??贊同 275??14 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡如何看待普京授予斯諾登俄羅斯公民身份?亂章?中國科學(xué)院大學(xué) 神經(jīng)生物學(xué)碩士摘錄一些斯諾登在自傳里的內(nèi)容,看完就知道為何美國堅決要處理他。 “我坐在終端機(jī)前, 可以近乎無限地取得世界上幾乎所有男女老幼的通信記錄,只要人們曾經(jīng)撥打過一通電話或碰觸過一臺計算機(jī)。這些人當(dāng)中包括3.2億美國同胞,他們?nèi)粘I畹囊慌e一動都遭到監(jiān)視,不僅嚴(yán)重違反美國憲法,更違背自由社會的基本價值?!?“單是在我的職業(yè)生涯中, 同一批機(jī)構(gòu)便操弄情報以營造戰(zhàn)爭借口,并且使用非法政策與隱諱的司法權(quán),將綁架視同…閱讀全文??贊同 5124??501 條評論?分享?收藏?喜歡瀏覽量5729 萬討論量2.7 萬?幫助中心知乎隱私保護(hù)指引申請開通機(jī)構(gòu)號聯(lián)系我們?舉報中心涉未成年舉報網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言舉報涉企虛假舉報更多?關(guān)于知乎下載知乎知乎招聘知乎指南知乎協(xié)議更多京 ICP 證 110745 號 · 京 ICP 備 13052560 號 - 1 · 京公網(wǎng)安備 11010802020088 號 · 京網(wǎng)文[2022]2674-081 號 · 藥品醫(yī)療器械網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息服務(wù)備案(京)網(wǎng)藥械信息備字(2022)第00334號 · 廣播電視節(jié)目制作經(jīng)營許可證:(京)字第06591號 · 服務(wù)熱線:400-919-0001 · Investor Relations · ? 2024 知乎 北京智者天下科技有限公司版權(quán)所有 · 違法和不良信息舉報:010-82716601 · 舉報郵箱:jubao@zhihu.
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed : NPR
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed : NPR
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed A decade ago, we were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how they could be used to monitor us. Then came Edward Snowden.
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
June 4, 20237:48 AM ET
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Greg Myre
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
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From Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
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Armando Franca/AP
From Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
Armando Franca/AP
Edward Snowden's family traces its role in national security to relatives who fought in the Revolutionary War. Snowden assumed he'd be engaged in similar work as well. But as a contractor for the National Security Agency, working at an underground facility in Hawaii in 2013, he witnessed the mass collection of electronic data on American citizens, and he thought it was wrong. "We had stopped watching specific terrorists, and we had started watching everyone just in case they became a terrorist. And this was not something that affected just people far away in places like Indonesia. This is affecting Americans," Snowden said in a 2019 interview with NPR from Moscow, where's he's been living for the past 10 years.
A decade ago, many Americans were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how governments or private companies could monitor citizens on the devices. Then came Snowden's revelations. Snowden copied files of the NSA's top-secret surveillance programs and fled the U.S., sharing the highly classified information with several Western journalists, including Barton Gellman, formerly of The Washington Post.
Book Reviews
In 'Dark Mirror,' Reporter Concludes: 'Snowden Did Substantially More Good Than Harm'
"I think Snowden did substantially more good than harm, even though I am prepared to accept (as he does not) that his disclosures must have exacted a price in lost intelligence," Gellman wrote in his 2020 book, Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State. Gellman portrays Snowden as a loner filled with zeal and a black-and-white worldview. He describes Snowden as precise and accurate most of the time, though sometimes prone to self-aggrandizement and exaggeration. U.S. officials still describe Snowden as a 'traitor' Meanwhile, many in the national security community, then and now, regard Snowden as a traitor. Most all say he should return to the U.S. and face the criminal charges against him. "He's clearly an individual who betrayed the trust and confidence we had in him. This is not an individual who is acting, in my opinion, with noble intent," said Keith Alexander, the NSA director when Snowden leaked the files.
"What Snowden has revealed has caused irreversible and significant damage to our country and to our allies," Alexander told ABC shortly after the breach. When Snowden felt he was about to be detained in Hong Kong, he flew to Russia. His final destination was Ecuador, but the U.S. government canceled his passport and charged him with violating the Espionage Act. Those charges still stand, and Snowden's been in Russia ever since. He received citizenship there last year. Still, Snowden provoked a fierce debate over government surveillance, personal privacy and the power and perils of technology. New laws, and a move to encryption "In the years that have passed, we have seen the laws changed. We have seen the programs change," Snowden said.
Book Reviews
In 'Permanent Record,' Edward Snowden Says 'Exile Is An Endless Layover'
In 2015, Congress rewrote the law that allowed the NSA to scoop up everyone's records. The U.S.A. Freedom Act now prohibits the bulk collection of phone records by American citizens. "The act also includes other changes to our surveillance laws, including more transparency to help build confidence among the American people that your privacy and civil liberties are being protected," President Barack Obama said shortly before signing the USA Freedom Act. There's been another big shift as well. Many Americans now better understand how governments and private companies like Facebook, Amazon and Google collect personal data. This in turn has led to a much wider use of encryption. Snowden says 2016 marked the first year that a majority of Internet traffic was encrypted, a trend that continues. There's no sign Snowden's case will be resolved anytime soon. Snowden said when he landed in Moscow in 2013, he expected to have a one-day layover in Moscow. But in his 2019 autobiography, Permanent Record, Snowden wrote: "Exile is an endless layover." Snowden's critics often attack him for living in Russia, all the more so in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He says his attempts to move to other countries have been thwarted by the U.S. government.
"It is not my choice to be in Russia. I'm constantly criticizing the Russian government's policy, the Russian government's human rights record - even the Russian president by name," Snowden said. From his Moscow apartment, Snowden initially gave online interviews to news outlets around the world. He's been much less visible in recent years. He's now married to American Lindsay Mills, and they have two young sons born in Russia. Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him @gregmyre1. More moments in history
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Edward Snowden - Education, Movie & Documentary
rd Snowden - Education, Movie & DocumentarySearchWomen’s HistoryHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesArtistsPower & PoliticsBusinessScholars & EducatorsScientistsActivistsNotorious FiguresBIO BuysNewsletterPrivacy NoticeTerms Of UseSkip to ContentWomen’s HistoryMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesNewsletterFamous ActivistsEdward SnowdenEdward SnowdenEdward Snowden is a former National Security Agency subcontractor who made headlines in 2013 when he leaked top-secret information about NSA surveillance activities.Updated: Sep 18, 2019(1983-)Who Is Edward Snowden?Edward Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is a computer programmer who worked as a subcontractor for the National Security Agency (NSA). Snowden collected top-secret documents regarding NSA domestic surveillance practices that he found disturbing and leaked them. After he fled to Hong Kong, he met with journalists from The Guardian and filmmaker Laura Poitras. Newspapers began printing the documents that he had leaked, many of them detailing the monitoring of American citizens. The U.S. has charged Snowden with violations of the Espionage Act, while many groups call him a hero. Snowden has found asylum in Russia and continues to speak about his work. Citizenfour, a documentary by Laura Poitras about his story, won an Oscar in 2015. He is also the subject of Snowden, a 2016 biopic directed by Oliver Stone and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and has published a memoir, Permanent Record.Family & Early LifeSnowden was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, on June 21, 1983. His mother works for the federal court in Baltimore (the family moved to Maryland during Snowden's youth) as chief deputy clerk for administration and information technology. Snowden's father, a former Coast Guard officer, later relocated to Pennsylvania and remarried.Edward Snowden’s EducationEdward Snowden dropped out of high school and studied computers at Anne Arundel Community College in Arnold, Maryland (from 1999 to 2001, and again from 2004 to 2005). Between his stints at community college, Snowden spent four months from May to September 2004 in special-forces training in the Army Reserves, but he did not complete his training. Snowden told The Guardian that he was discharged from the Army after he “broke both his legs in a training accident.” However, an unclassified report published on September 15, 2016 by the House Intelligence Committee refuted his claim, stating: “He claimed to have left Army basic training because of broken legs when in fact he washed out because of shin splints.”Photo: The Guardian via Getty ImagesEdward Snowden during an interview in Hong Kong in 2013. NSA SubcontractorSnowden eventually landed a job as a security guard at the University of Maryland's Center for Advanced Study of Language. The institution had ties to the National Security Agency, and, by 2006, Snowden had taken an information-technology job at the Central Intelligence Agency. In 2009, after being suspected of trying to break into classified files, he left to work for private contractors, among them Dell and Booz Allen Hamilton, a tech consulting firm. While at Dell, he worked as a subcontractor in an NSA office in Japan before being transferred to an office in Hawaii. After a short time, he moved from Dell to Booz Allen, another NSA subcontractor, and remained with the company for only three months.Snowden’s LeaksDuring his years of IT work, Snowden had noticed the far reach of the NSA's everyday surveillance. While working for Booz Allen, Snowden began copying top-secret NSA documents, building a dossier on practices that he found invasive and disturbing. The documents contained vast information on the NSA's domestic surveillance practices.After he had compiled a large store of documents, Snowden told his NSA supervisor that he needed a leave of absence for medical reasons, stating he had been diagnosed with epilepsy. On May 20, 2013, Snowden took a flight to Hong Kong, China, where he remained as he orchestrated a clandestine meeting with journalists from the U.K. publication The Guardian as well as filmmaker Laura Poitras. On June 5, The Guardian released secret documents obtained from Snowden. In these documents, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court implemented an order that required Verizon to release information to the NSA on an "ongoing, daily basis" culled from its American customers' phone activities.The following day, The Guardian and The Washington Post released Snowden's leaked information on PRISM, an NSA program that allows real-time information collection electronically. A flood of information followed, and both domestic and international debate ensued."I'm willing to sacrifice [my former life] because I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building," Snowden said in interviews given from his Hong Kong hotel room. The fallout from his disclosures continued to unfold over the next months, including a legal battle over the collection of phone data by the NSA. President Obama sought to calm fears over government spying in January 2014, ordering U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder to review the country's surveillance programs. Charges Against Edward SnowdenThe U.S. government soon responded to Snowden's disclosures legally. On June 14, 2013, federal prosecutors charged Snowden with "theft of government Property," "unauthorized communication of national defense information" and "willful communication of classified communications intelligence information to an unauthorized person." The last two charges fall under the Espionage Act. Before President Barack Obama took office, the act had only been used for prosecutorial purposes three times since 1917. Since President Obama took office, the act had been invoked seven times as of June 2013.While some decried Snowden as a traitor, others supported his cause. More than 100,000 people signed an online petition asking President Obama to pardon Snowden by late June 2013. Exile in RussiaSnowden remained in hiding for slightly more than a month. He initially planned to relocate to Ecuador for asylum, but, upon making a stopover, he became stranded in a Russian airport for a month when his passport was annulled by the American government. The Russian government denied U.S. requests to extradite Snowden. In July 2013, Snowden made headlines again when it was announced that he had been offered asylum in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia. Snowden soon made up his mind, expressing an interest in staying in Russia. One of his lawyers, Anatoly Kucherena, stated that Snowden would seek temporary asylum in Russia and possibly apply for citizenship later. Snowden thanked Russia for giving him asylum and said that "in the end the law is winning."That October, Snowden stated that he no longer possessed any of the NSA files that he leaked to the press. He gave the materials to the journalists he met with in Hong Kong, but he didn't keep copies for himself. Snowden explained that "it wouldn't serve the public interest" for him to have brought the files to Russia, according to The New York Times. Around this time, Snowden's father, Lon, visited his son in Moscow and continued to publicly express support. In November 2013, Snowden's request to the U.S. government for clemency was rejected. Critic of Government SurveillanceIn exile, Snowden has remained a polarizing figure and a critic of government surveillance. He made an appearance at the popular South by Southwest festival via teleconference in March 2014. Around this time, the U.S. military revealed that the information Snowden leaked may have caused billions of dollars in damage to its security structures. In May 2014, Snowden gave a revealing interview with NBC News. He told Brian Williams that he was a trained spy who worked undercover as an operative for the CIA and NSA, an assertion denied by National Security Adviser Susan Rice in a CNN interview. Snowden explained that he viewed himself as a patriot, believing his actions had beneficial results. He stated that his leaking of information led to "a robust public debate" and "new protections in the United States and abroad for our rights to make sure they're no longer violated." He also expressed an interest in returning home to America. Snowden appeared with Poitras and Greenwald via video-conference in February 2015. Earlier that month, Snowden spoke with students at Upper Canada College via video-conference. He told them that "the problem with mass surveillance is when you collect everything, you understand nothing." He also stated that government spying "fundamentally changes the balance of power between the citizen and the state."On September 29, 2015, Snowden joined the social media platform Twitter, tweeting "Can you hear me now?" He had almost two million followers in a little over 24 hours. Just a few days later, Snowden spoke to the New Hampshire Liberty Forum via Skype and stated he would be willing to return to the U.S. if the government could guarantee a fair trial.Edward Snowden Pardon CampaignOn September 13, 2016, Snowden said in an interview with The Guardian that he would seek a pardon from President Obama. “Yes, there are laws on the books that say one thing, but that is perhaps why the pardon power exists – for the exceptions, for the things that may seem unlawful in letters on a page but when we look at them morally, when we look at them ethically, when we look at the results, it seems these were necessary things, these were vital things,” he said in the interview.The next day various human rights groups including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International launched a campaign requesting that Obama pardon Snowden. Appearing via a telepresence robot, Snowden expressed gratitude for the support. "I love my country. I love my family," he said. "I don't know where we're going from here. I don't know what tomorrow looks like. But I'm glad for the decisions I've made. Never in my wildest dreams would I have imagined, three years ago, such an outpouring of solidarity."He also emphasized that his case resonates beyond him. "This really isn’t about me," he said. "It’s about us. It’s about our right to dissent. It’s about the kind of country we want to have."On September 15, the House Intelligence Committee released a three-page unclassified summary of a report about its two-year investigation into Snowden’s case. In the summary, Snowden was characterized as a “disgruntled employee who had frequent conflicts with his managers,” a “serial exaggerator and fabricator” and “not a whistle-blower.”“Snowden caused tremendous damage to national security, and the vast majority of the documents he stole have nothing to do with programs impacting individual privacy interests — they instead pertain to military, defense and intelligence programs of great interest to America’s adversaries,” the summary of the report stated.Members of the committee also unanimously signed a letter to President Obama asking him not to pardon Snowden. “We urge you not to pardon Edward Snowden, who perpetrated the largest and most damaging public disclosure of classified information in our nation’s history,” the letter stated. “If Mr. Snowden returns from Russia, where he fled in 2013, the U.S. government must hold him accountable for his actions.”Snowden responded on Twitter saying: "Their report is so artlessly distorted that it would be amusing if it weren't such a serious act of bad faith." He followed with a series of tweets refuting the committee's claims and said: "I could go on. Bottom line: after 'two years of investigation,' the American people deserve better. This report diminishes the committee."Snowden also tweeted that the release of the committee's summary was an effort to discourage people from watching the biopic Snowden, which was released in the United States on September 16, 2016.Edward Snowden and Donald TrumpIn April 2014, well before becoming president, Donald Trump tweeted that Edward Snowden should be executed for the damage his leaks had caused to the U.S. Following President Trump’s election, in November 2016, Snowden told viewers of a teleconference in Sweden that he wasn’t worried about the government increasing efforts to arrest him. “I don’t care. The reality here is that yes, Donald Trump has appointed a new director of the Central Intelligence Agency who uses me as a specific example to say that, look, dissidents should be put to death. But if I get hit by a bus, or a drone, or dropped off an airplane tomorrow, you know what? It doesn’t actually matter that much to me, because I believe in the decisions that I’ve already made,” Snowden said.In an open letter from May 2017, Snowden joined 600 activists urging President Trump to drop an investigation and any potential charges against Wikileaks founder Julian Assange for his role in classified intelligence leaks.Where Is Edward Snowden Now?As of 2019, Edward Snowden was still living in Moscow, Russia. However in February 2016 he said that he’d return to the U.S. in exchange for a fair trial. In February 2017, NBC News reported that the Russian government was considering handing him over to the U.S. to curry favor with President Donald Trump, although Snowden remains in Russia.Movies on Edward SnowdenIn 2014, Snowden was featured in Laura Poitras' highly acclaimed documentary Citizenfour. The director had recorded her meetings with Snowden and Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald. The film went on to win an Academy Award in 2015. "When the decisions that rule us are taken in secret, we lose the power to control and govern ourselves," said Poitras during her acceptance speech.In September 2016, director Oliver Stone released a biopic, Snowden, with Edward Snowden's cooperation. The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the lead role and Shailene Woodley playing girlfriend Lindsay Mills.Memoir: 'Permanent Record'Snowden returned to the headlines in September 2019 with the publication of his memoir, Permanent Record. Within its pages, he describes his disappointment in President Obama's efforts to build on the wide-ranging surveillance programs enacted by his predecessor, George W. Bush, and provides his account of events leading to the fateful day in June 2013 when he unveiled the classified documents that rocked the intelligence community and changed his life forever.On the same day his memoir was released, the Department of Justice filed a civil lawsuit alleging that Snowden had violated the nondisclosure agreements he signed with the federal government, entitling the DOJ to all profits from book sales. Additionally, the suit named the publisher, Macmillan, and asked the court to freeze the company's assets related to the book to "ensure that no funds are transferred to Snowden, or at his direction, while the court resolves the United States' claims." Edward Snowden’s GirlfriendOne of the people Snowden left behind when he moved to Hong Kong to leak secret NSA files was his girlfriend Lindsay Mills. The pair had been living together in Hawaii, and she reportedly had no idea that he was about to disclose classified information to the public.Mills graduated from Laurel High School in Maryland in 2003 and the Maryland Institute College of Art in 2007. She began her career as a pole-dancing performance artist while living in Hawaii with Snowden.In January 2015, Mills joined the Citizenfour documentary team onstage for their Oscars acceptance speech.In September 2019 it was reported that Snowden and Mills had gotten married.QUICK FACTSName: Edward SnowdenBirth Year: 1983Birth date: June 21, 1983Birth State: North CarolinaBirth City: Elizbeth CityBirth Country: United StatesGender: MaleBest Known For: Edward Snowden is a former National Security Agency subcontractor who made headlines in 2013 when he leaked top-secret information about NSA surveillance activities.IndustriesInternet/ComputingU.S. PoliticsAstrological Sign: CancerSchoolsAnne Arundel Community CollegeUniversity of LiverpoolNacionalitiesAmericanInteresting FactsEdward Snowden claimed he was a trained spy who worked undercover as an operative for the CIA and NSA. National Security Adviser Susan Rice denied his assertions.When Snowden joined Twitter on September 29, 2015, he gained 2 million followers in a little over 24 hours.OccupationsComputer ProgrammerFact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us!CITATION INFORMATIONArticle Title: Edward Snowden BiographyAuthor: Biography.com EditorsWebsite Name: The Biography.com websiteUrl: https://www.biography.com/activists/edward-snowdenAccess Date: Publisher: A&E; Television NetworksLast Updated: September 18, 2019Original Published Date: April 2, 2014QUOTESI don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things ... I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded. That is not something I am willing to support or live under.I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, [but] I will be satisfied if the federation of secret law, unequal pardon and irresistible executive powers that rule the world that I love are revealed even for an instant.I'm willing to sacrifice [my former life] because I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building.I had been looking for leaders, but I realized that leadership is about being the first to act.I realized that I was part of something that was doing far more harm than good.I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong.I don't see myself as a hero, because what I'm doing is self-interested. I don't want to live in a world where there's no privacy and therefore no room for intellectual exploration and creativity.I do not expect to see home again, though that is what I want.Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowFamous ActivistsMargaret SangerGloria SteinemAlexei Navalny30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and PresentAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowDred ScottClaudette ColvinMarcus GarveyMartin Luther King Jr.17 Inspiring Martin Luther King QuotesHarriet TubmanMalala YousafzaiFred HamptonAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowAbout Biography.comNewsletterContact UsOther Hearst SubscriptionsA Part of Hearst Digital MediaWe may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.?2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks?protected in the US and other countries around the globe.Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the LightCookies ChoiEdward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia : NPR
Edward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia : NPR
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Edward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia In 2013, Snowden showed journalists thousands of top-secret documents about U.S. intelligence agencies' surveillance efforts. He's been living in Russia ever since. His new book is Permanent Record.
National Security
Edward Snowden Speaks Out: 'I Haven't And I Won't' Cooperate With Russia
September 19, 201912:28 PM ET
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Reflecting on his decision to go public with classified information, Edward Snowden says, "The likeliest outcome for me, hands down, was that I'd spend the rest of my life in an orange jumpsuit, but that was a risk that I had to take."
Courtesy of Edward Snowden
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Courtesy of Edward Snowden
Reflecting on his decision to go public with classified information, Edward Snowden says, "The likeliest outcome for me, hands down, was that I'd spend the rest of my life in an orange jumpsuit, but that was a risk that I had to take."
Courtesy of Edward Snowden
In 2013, Edward Snowden was an IT systems expert working under contract for the National Security Agency when he traveled to Hong Kong to provide three journalists with thousands of top-secret documents about U.S. intelligence agencies' surveillance of American citizens. To Snowden, the classified information he shared with the journalists exposed privacy abuses by government intelligence agencies. He saw himself as a whistleblower. But the U.S. government considered him a traitor in violation of the Espionage Act. After meeting with the journalists, Snowden intended to leave Hong Kong and travel — via Russia — to Ecuador, where he would seek asylum. But when his plane landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, things didn't go according to plan.
"What I wasn't expecting was that the United States government itself ... would cancel my passport," he says.
Author Interviews
Edward Snowden Tells NPR: The Executive Branch 'Sort Of Hacked The Constitution'
Snowden was directed to a room where Russian intelligence agents offered to assist him — in return for access to any secrets he harbored. Snowden says he refused. "I didn't cooperate with the Russian intelligence services — I haven't and I won't," he says. "I destroyed my access to the archive. ... I had no material with me before I left Hong Kong, because I knew I was going to have to go through this complex multi-jurisdictional route." Snowden spent 40 days in the Moscow airport, trying to negotiate asylum in various countries. After being denied asylum by 27 nations, he settled in Russia, where he remains today. "People look at me now and they think I'm this crazy guy, I'm this extremist or whatever. Some people have a misconception that [I] set out to burn down the NSA," he says. "But that's not what this was about. In many ways, 2013 wasn't about surveillance at all. What it was about was a violation of the Constitution."
National Security
Justice Department Sues Edward Snowden, Seeking Profits From His Book
Snowden's 2013 revelations led to changes in the laws and standards governing American intelligence agencies and the practices of U.S. technology companies, which now encrypt much of their Web traffic for security. He reflects on his life and his experience in the intelligence community in the memoir Permanent Record. On Sept. 17, the U.S. Justice Department filed suit to recover all proceeds from the book, alleging that Snowden violated nondisclosure agreements by not letting the government review the manuscript before publication; Snowden's attorney, Ben Wizner, said in a statement that the book contains no government secrets that have not been previously published by respected news organizations, and that the government's prepublication review system is under court challenge.
Interview Highlights
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On how researching China's surveillance capabilities for a CIA presentation got him thinking about the potential for domestic surveillance within the U.S. I'm invited to give a presentation about how China is hacking the United States intelligence services, defense contractors, anything that we have available in the network, which I know a little bit about but not that much about, because they have the person who is supposed to be giving the presentation drop out. So I go looking ... seeing what exactly is it that China is doing? What are their capabilities? Are they hacking? Are they doing domestic surveillance? Are they doing international surveillance? What is occurring? And I'm just shocked by the extent of their capabilities. I'm appalled by the aggression with which they use them. But also, in a strange way, surprised by the openness with which they use them. They're not hiding it. They're just open and out there, saying, "Yeah, we're doing this. Yeah, we're hacking you. What are you going to do about it?" And I think this is a distinction: I think, yes, the NSA is spying — of course they're spying — but we're only spying overseas, we're not spying on our guys at home. We wouldn't do that. We have firewalls, we have trip wires for people to hit. But surely these are only affecting terrorists, because we're not like China. But this plants the first seeds of doubt where I see if the capability is there. On what he discovered about U.S. domestic surveillance
National Security
Officials: Edward Snowden's Leaks Were Masked By Job Duties
Over the final years of my career ... I see that we have the same capabilities as the Chinese government, and we are applying them domestically — just as they are. We have an internal strategy at the NSA, which was never publicly avowed, but it was all over their top-secret internal slides, that said the aspiration was to "collect it all." What this means was they were not just collecting and intercepting communications from criminals, spies, terrorists, people of intelligence value — they were collecting on everyone, everywhere, all of the time, just in case, because you never know what's going to be interesting. And if you miss it when it's passing by, you might not get another chance.
And so what happened was every time we wrote an email, every time you typed something into that Google search box, every time your phone moved, you sent a text message, you made a phone call ... the boundaries of the Fourth Amendment were being changed. This was without even the vast majority of members of Congress knowing about it. And this is when I start to think about maybe we need to know about this, maybe if Congress knew about this, maybe if the courts knew about this, we would not have the same policies as the Chinese government. On feeling like he was breaking an oath by keeping quiet about the extent of government surveillance
... when I realize we have been violating, in secret, the Fourth Amendment of that Constitution for the better part of a decade ... that we are committing felonies in the United States under a direct mandate from the White House billions of times a day — honestly, I fell into depression.
Edward Snowden
My very first day entering into duty for the CIA, I was required to pledge an oath of service. Now, a lot of people are confused, they think there's an oath of secrecy, but this is important to understand. There's a secrecy agreement. This is a civil agreement with the government, a nondisclosure agreement called Standard Form 312. ... It says you won't talk to journalists, you won't write books as I have now done, but when you give this oath of service it's something very different. It's a pledge of allegiance, not to the agency, not to a government, not to a president, but to support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies foreign and domestic. And so when I realize we have been violating, in secret, the Fourth Amendment of that Constitution for the better part of a decade, the rate of violation is increasing, the scope of the violation is increasing with every day, that we are committing felonies in the United States under a direct mandate from the White House billions of times a day — honestly, I fell into depression. And I tried to think, how can I just get by? And this leads to a period where I resign from what would be considered direct mission-related work out in Japan, in the foreign field, as we call it, and I returned to ... a purely corporate position for Dell as a sales official at CIA headquarters.
On deciding to share classified material with journalists and setting conditions for the publication of the material I tried to reconstruct the system of checks and balances by using myself to provide documents to the journalists, but never to publish them myself. People don't realize this, but I never made public a single document. I trusted that role to the journalists to decide what the public did and did not need to know. Before the journalists published these stories, they had to go to the government, and this was a condition that I required them to do, and tell the government, warn them they're about to run this story about this program and the government could argue against publication and say, "You've got it wrong," or "You've got it right." But if you publish this is going to hurt somebody. In every case I'm aware of, that process was followed, and that's why in 2019 we've never seen any evidence at all presented by the government that someone's been harmed as a result of these stories. (Editor's note: A 2016 report by the House intelligence committee cited more than 20 examples of which, it said, Snowden damaged national security. The details of those instances were redacted.) On being detained in the Moscow airport for 40 days before being granted temporary asylum in Russia Had I cooperated with the Russian government right — if you think I'm a Russian spy — I would have been in that airport for five minutes before they drove me out in a limo to the palace where I'd be living for the rest of my days, before they throw the parade where they call me a hero of Russia. Instead I was trapped in this airport for 40 days. ...
The Two-Way
Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker?
The U.S. government worked quite hard to make sure I didn't leave Russia. ... Why did the U.S. government work so hard to keep me in Russia? We don't have a clear answer, and we may never have that until more people in the Obama administration start writing memoirs, but it's either they panicked or they realized this would be an evergreen political attack where they could just use guilt by association, people's suspicion of the Russian government to try to taint me by proxy.
On his life in Russia and whether he receives any kind of financial support from the Russian government I have my own apartment. I have my own income. I live a fully independent life. I have never and will never accept money or housing or any other assistance from the Russian government. ... People ask how I make my living, and I give lectures. I speak publicly for the American Program Bureau and places book me to speak about the future of cybersecurity, what's happening with surveillance, and about conscience and whistleblowing. I've never been the nightclub type. I'm a little bit of an indoor cat. Whether I lived in Maryland or New York or Geneva or Tokyo or Moscow, I always spend the majority of my time looking into a screen, because I think the thing that's on the other side of it is beautiful. It has the promise of human connection. And although the Internet is very much a troubled place ... I think it is something worth fighting for, and something that they can improve. On how he secures his personal cellphone I try not to use one as much as possible, and when I do use one, I use a cellphone that I have myself modified. [I've] performed a kind of surgery on it. I open it up with special tools and I use a soldering iron to remove the microphone and I disconnect the camera so that the phone can't simply listen to me when it's sitting there. It physically has no microphone in it. And when I need to make a call I just connect an external microphone through the headphone jack. And this way the phone works for you rather than you working for the phone.
We need to be regulating the collection of data, because our phones, our devices, our laptops — even just driving down the street with all of these systems that surround us today — is producing records about our lives. It's the modern pollution.
Edward Snowden
You need to be careful about the software you put on your phone, you need to be careful about the connections it's making, because today most people have got a thousand apps on their phones; it's sitting there on your desk right now or in your hand and the screen can be off but it's connecting hundreds or thousands of times a second. ... And this is this core problem of the data issue that we're dealing with today. We're passing laws that are trying to regulate the use of data. We're trying to regulate the protection of data, but all of these things presume that the data has already been collected. ... We need to be regulating the collection of data, because our phones, our devices, our laptops — even just driving down the street with all of these systems that surround us today — is producing records about our lives. It's the modern pollution. On coming back to the U.S. to face trial
Book Reviews
In 'Permanent Record,' Edward Snowden Says 'Exile Is An Endless Layover'
My ultimate goal will always be to return to the United States. And I've actually had conversations with the government, last in the Obama administration, about what that would look like, and they said, "You should come and face trial." I said, "Sure. Sign me up. Under one condition: I have to be able to tell the jury why I did what I did, and the jury has to decide: Was this justified or unjustified." This is called a public interest defense and is allowed under pretty much every crime someone can be charged for. Even murder, for example, has defenses. It can be self-defense and so on so forth, it could be manslaughter instead of first-degree murder. But in the case of telling a journalist the truth about how the government was breaking the law, the government says there can be no defense. There can be no justification for why you did it. The only thing the jury gets to consider is did you tell the journalists something you were not allowed to tell them. If yes, it doesn't matter why you did it. You go to jail. And I have said, as soon as you guys say for whistleblowers it is the jury who decides if it was right or wrong to expose the government's own lawbreaking, I'll be in court the next day.
Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the Web.
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After 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains Himself | WIRED
r 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains Himself | WIREDSkip to main contentOpen Navigation MenuMenuStory SavedTo revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories.Close AlertAfter 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains HimselfSecurityPoliticsGearBackchannelBusinessScienceCultureIdeasMerchMoreChevronStory SavedTo revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories.Close AlertSign InSearchSearchSecurityPoliticsGearBackchannelBusinessScienceCultureIdeasMerchPodcastsVideoWired WorldArtificial IntelligenceClimateGamesNewslettersMagazineEventsWired InsiderJobsCouponsAndy GreenbergBackchannelSep 16, 2019 10:00 AMAfter 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains HimselfIn a new memoir and interview, the world’s most famous whistle-blower elucidates as never before why he stood up to mass surveillance—and his love for an internet that no longer exists.Snowden remains a kind of First Amendment absolutist. “That’s the price of admission to a free society,” he says. “The best response to the worst person is not to fear them but to correct them, not to silence them but to challenge them, to make them better than they were.”Photograph: Baikal/AlamySave this storySaveSave this storySaveEdward Snowden, arguably the world’s most famous whistle-blower, is a man who lived behind plenty of pseudonyms before putting his true name to his truth-telling: When he was first communicating with the journalists who would reveal his top-secret NSA leaks, he used the names Citizenfour, Cincinnatus, and Verax—Latin for “truthful” and a knowing allusion to Julian Assange’s old hacker handle Mendax, the teller of lies.But in his newly published memoir and manifesto, Permanent Record, Snowden describes other handles, albeit long-defunct ones: Shrike the Knight, Corwin the Bard, Belgarion the Smith, squ33ker the precocious kid asking amateur questions about chip compatibility on an early bulletin-board service. These were online videogame and forum personas, he writes, that as a teenager in the 1990s he’d acquire and jettison like T-shirts, assuming new identities on a whim, often to leave behind mistakes or embarrassing ideas he’d tried out in online conversations. Sometimes, he notes, he’d even use his new identity to attack his prior self, the better to disavow the ignoramus he’d been the week before.That long-lost internet, Snowden writes, offered its inhabitants a “reset button for your life” that could be pressed every day, at will. And he still pines for it. “To be able to expand your experience, to become a more whole person by being able to try and fail, this is what teaches us who we are and who we want to become,” Snowden told WIRED in an interview ahead of his book’s publication tomorrow. “This is what’s denied to the rising generation. They’re so ruthlessly and strictly identified in every network they interact with and by which they live. They’re denied the opportunities we had to be forgotten and to have their mistakes forgiven.”Snowden's memoir revisits his youthful, freewheeling days on the internet. Buy on AmazonPhotograph: MacmillanNo one has exposed more than Snowden how that individualistic, ephemeral, anonymous internet has ceased to exist. Perhaps it was always a myth. (After all, at least one trove of Snowden’s chatroom musings on everything from guns to sex advice, under the pseudonym TheTrueHooha, remained online after his rise to notoriety.)But for the former NSA contractor and many of his generation, that idea of the internet is a foundational myth, enshrined in Neal Stephenson novels and in “The Hacker Manifesto”—both of which Snowden describes reading as a teenager in a mononucleosis haze—and John Perry Barlow’s “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” which Snowden writes that he holds in his memory next to the preamble to the Constitution. The internet of the ’90s, which Snowden describes as “the most pleasant and successful anarchy I’ve ever seen,” was his community and his education. He even met his future wife on Hotornot.com.Snowden says documenting that prehistoric digital world and its disappearance was part of what drove him to write Permanent Record, overcoming his own aversion to sharing details of his personal life. And in doing so, he may have also helped the world understand him better than ever before. “This is actually more than a memoir from my perspective,” he says. “The way I got through it was by telling, yes the history of myself as a person, but also the history of a time and a change—in technology, in a system, in the internet, and in American democracy.”The IT Guy AscendantThe resulting autobiography is split roughly into thirds: Snowden’s life before joining the world of spies, his whirlwind seven years in the intelligence community, and his experience as a whistle-blower and international fugitive. Against all odds, the first of these, a full hundred pages largely describing the very least unique part of Snowden’s life—a hyper-intelligent but relatively unremarkable high school dropout—is not at all a waste of time.Instead, this portrait of the whistle-blower as a young man provides perhaps the most understandable, human explanation yet for Snowden’s ultimate decision to turn his back on his NSA colleagues, spill the agency’s guts, and condemn himself to exile: It’s the story of an ambitious geek smart enough to shoot up through the NSA’s ranks while keeping intact ideals for the internet that were entirely opposed to those of his employer.SUBSCRIBESubscribe to WIRED and stay smart with more of your favorite national security writers.In Snowden’s telling, it sounds for the first time less like a biography of a Black Swan than the experience of a generation: An extremely online kid of the ’90s who is only drawn to government service after the shattering experience of 9/11. After an attempt to join the special forces—he crashes out after breaking both legs in basic training—he gravitates to the intelligence world, where he discovers that the agency he works for has transformed the internet into the opposite of the playground he idealized. Instead, it’s a fundamental threat to that unobserved, unrecorded anarchy, a threat that someone will need to make an enormous sacrifice to stop.Other than the fateful decision to actually become that someone, Snowden points out that the rest of his story could have belonged to practically any of thousands of geeks with similar experiences. “I am ordinary. The thing I discovered in my own analysis of my past is how undistinguished I was,” Snowden says. “If it hadn’t been me, it would have been someone else. The Edward Snowden moment was inevitable, because you can only roll the dice on conscience for so long until somebody objects.”That decision has arguably led to real changes: The passage of the USA Freedom Act in 2015 significantly limited the collection of phone records that had previously swept up the metadata of every American, perhaps the clearest illustration among Snowden's revelations of the mass surveillance he sought to expose. Congress is now considering whether to end the metadata collection program altogether. But none of that has changed the deep bipartisan resentment of Snowden within the higher ranks of the US government: Democratic representative Adam Schiff has disputed that Snowden can even be called a whistle-blower, while President Trump's secretary of state Michael Pompeo has called for Snowden's execution."We’ve been forced to live naked before power for a generation."Edward SnowdenWhile the larger world has debated Snowden’s role as a hero or a traitor over the six years since he became a household name, many in the cybersecurity community have instead dismissed him as a mere grandstanding IT guy—a systems administrator who never really participated in the surveillance and hacking operations he’d later expose. As it turns out, this is half true. Snowden was, even at the zenith of his ascendant career, the IT guy, responsible for managing what he calls a “dopey poky” Microsoft system for document sharing called SharePoint but also building systems known as EpicShelter and Heartbeat that de-duplicated and shared information more efficiently between NSA offices. Aside from one early incident as a teenager in which he describes finding and reporting a relatively simple vulnerability in a nuclear facility’s website, there’s not much evidence of Snowden’s prowess as a hacker.It turns out, however, that the IT guy, in an institution whose currency is information, is one of the most powerful people in the org chart. Snowden was, in fact, one of the young IT elite, deeply aware of the generational divide that helped put him in that role. In one passage from a period he spent working at a CIA data center, he describes, with conscious immodesty, his daily walk past an array of IT help desk staffers on his way into a more highly classified compartment of secrets inside the building. “I was decades younger than the help desk folks and heading past them into a vault to which they didn’t have access and never would,” he writes.Most PopularSecurityHackers Behind the Change Healthcare Ransomware Attack Just Received a $22 Million PaymentAndy GreenbergBusiness6 Months After New York Banned Airbnb, New Jersey Is Doing GreatAmanda HooverBusinessFor Bitcoin Mines in Texas, the Honeymoon Is OverJoel KhaliliScienceLess Sea Ice Means More Arctic Trees—Which Means TroubleMatt SimonLater, he describes his final position in the NSA’s Hawaii office, based in a massive Cold War–era tunnel under a pineapple field. “I was the only employee of the Office of Information Sharing—I was the Office of Information Sharing. So my very job was to know what sharable information was out there.”In his review of that résumé with WIRED, he laughed off the “just a systems administrator” attacks. “There’s no such thing as just a systems administrator,” Snowden says. “The systems administrator is always the most powerful person on the entire network.”The System Is the AbuseAt one point early in his NSA career, Snowden writes that he was asked to use his deep access to assemble a counterintelligence presentation on Chinese surveillance and internet control—one of the first moments when he began to wonder how exactly the equivalent US systems of internet surveillance might compare. But for the most part, his core role as an IT shaman and data distribution expert seems to have left him removed enough from the day-to-day surveillance mission to maintain the principled stand of an outside observer—maximum access to information about the NSA’s surveillance with a minimum of the complicity that keeps others silent.More than in other descriptions of his revelations, Permanent Record makes clearer than ever that Snowden’s central concern, and what drove him to his life-altering decision to digitally disembowel his employer, is not any specific surveillance abuse. (Though he does note plenty of instances of “LoveInt” in the agency, in which staff spied on romantic interests and ex-partners.)Instead, he writes that it’s the building of a potential panopticon—what he has called turnkey tyranny—with every tool in place to record everything about everyone, to turn any individual’s secret life against them at the whim of the powerful, that he sought to expose and devote his life to fighting. “The construction of the system was itself the abuse,” he says. “We’ve been forced to live naked before power for a generation.”Specific examples of human rights abuses, like the growing use of surveillance tools by agencies like Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement to enforce the Trump administration’s cruel vision of immigration policy, he argues, are just a symptom of that larger systemic change. “Donald Trump isn’t the problem. He’s the product of the problem,” Snowden says.Snowden’s nostalgia for a less-policed, anonymous, and anarchic internet, of course, doesn’t seem to account for the troll armies and alt-right “free speech” brigades widely seen as the real online force behind Trump’s rise. But on that point, Snowden remains a kind of First Amendment absolutist. “That’s the price of admission to a free society,” he says. “The best response to the worst person is not to fear them but to correct them, not to silence them but to challenge them, to make them better than they were.”Exiled Body, Online BrainAside from Snowden’s origin story and motives, the last act of Permanent Record documents in more detail than ever before the process of Snowden’s leaks, from “wardriving” around Hawaii with his laptop to break into vulnerable Wi-Fi networks as a means to cover his digital tracks to his escape across the globe from Hawaii to Hong Kong to Moscow, including fresh details about the underreported role of WikiLeaks’ Sarah Harrison as his protector and guide. That story climaxes in a tense meeting between Snowden and an officer of the FSB in the Moscow airport. The official does his best, briefly, to turn Snowden into a Russian intelligence asset. Snowden writes that he interrupted to decline before the pitch was even finished, the better to avoid any unscrupulous editing of hidden recordings of the meeting.Snowden flatly denies that he has had any other interactions with Russian intelligence since. After all, he never brought a single NSA document to Russia. “All I have is what’s in my head, and I wasn’t willing to give that to them,” he says. He speculates that the Kremlin is satisfied enough with his involuntary role as a living embarrassment to the United States, an American human rights defender forced to seek asylum in Putin’s Russia rather than the other way around.Most PopularSecurityHackers Behind the Change Healthcare Ransomware Attack Just Received a $22 Million PaymentAndy GreenbergBusiness6 Months After New York Banned Airbnb, New Jersey Is Doing GreatAmanda HooverBusinessFor Bitcoin Mines in Texas, the Honeymoon Is OverJoel KhaliliScienceLess Sea Ice Means More Arctic Trees—Which Means TroubleMatt SimonAs for his endgame, Snowden says he has none—that he hasn’t, in fact, had much of a plan for his long-term survival since he left Hawaii. He has said repeatedly that he’s ready to return to the US to stand trial if he’s allowed to mount a defense based on the motivations for his whistle-blowing—which means he isn’t ready to return to the US anytime soon: Snowden faces charges under the Espionage Act, which treats leaks of classified information to a journalist as no different from selling secrets to a foreign government. Trump’s friendliness with Putin, meanwhile, has raised questions about whether he might at some point be handed back to the US as a diplomatic gift, a possibility that Snowden says he puts out of his mind as an uncontrollable element of his fate.If he has to spend the rest of his life in Russia, on the other hand, so be it, he says. He rents an apartment with his wife, Lindsay, whom he married in Moscow. He can find most of the same American fast food in Moscow that he loved in Hawaii and Maryland. He continues to act as president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, beaming into his colleagues' computer screens like Max Headroom—and occasionally into a mobile telepresence robot—to lead a team of programmers and engineers focused on building tools designed to improving journalists' digital security.Regardless of where he might live, above all else he remains a creature of the online world, an "indoor cat," as he calls himself. “My life has always been mediated by a screen. What difference does it make whether I’m looking at a screen in New York or Berlin or Moscow?” Snowden says. “It’s all the same internet.”More Great WIRED StoriesThe biggest iPhone news is a tiny new chip inside itIf computers are so smart, how come they can’t read?xkcd's Randall Munroe on how to mail a package (from space)Why “zero day” Android hacking now costs more than iOS attacksThis DIY implant lets you stream movies from inside your leg How do machines learn? Plus, read the latest news on artificial intelligence?♀? Want the best tools to get healthy? Check out our Gear team’s picks for the best fitness trackers, running gear (including shoes and socks), and best headphones.When you buy something using the retail links in our stories, we may earn a small affiliate commission. Read more about how this works.Andy Greenberg is a senior writer for WIRED, covering hacking, cybersecurity and surveillance. He’s the author of the new book Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency. His last book was Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most... 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Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden : NPR
Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden : NPR
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Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden Snowden, a former contractor with the National Security Agency, has been living in Russia since 2013 to escape prosecution for leaking classified documents about government surveillance programs.
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Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden
Updated September 26, 20221:10 PM ET
Originally published September 26, 202212:40 PM ET
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Charles Maynes
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In this image made from video and released by WikiLeaks, former National Security Agency systems analyst Edward Snowden speaks in Moscow in 2013.
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In this image made from video and released by WikiLeaks, former National Security Agency systems analyst Edward Snowden speaks in Moscow in 2013.
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MOSCOW — Former National Security Agency contractor-turned-whistleblower Edward Snowden has been granted Russian citizenship. The news was confirmed in a decree by Russian President Vladimir Putin posted Monday to the Kremlin's website.
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Edward Snowden Says He's Applying For Russian Citizenship
Snowden first arrived in Russia in 2013 after leaking secret files that revealed a vast web of domestic and international surveillance by the U.S. government. The Kremlin subsequently granted him asylum, even as the U.S. pursued espionage charges. In 2020, Snowden announced he and his wife had applied for Russian citizenship as they were expecting their first child during the pandemic. The whistleblower has maintained — and defended — his silence over the Kremlin's recent actions in Ukraine, saying his views were no longer "useful" after he wrongly insisted U.S. intelligence was flawed in predicting a Russian attack on its neighbor.
National Security
Court Rules Edward Snowden Must Pay More Than $5 Million From Memoir And Speeches
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Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship | CNN
>Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship | CNN
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Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship
By Rob Picheta, Uliana Pavlova and Chris Liakos CNN
2 minute read
Updated
10:05 PM EDT, Mon September 26, 2022
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Snowden applied for Russian citizenship in 2020.
Phillip Faraone/Getty Images for WIRED25
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Russian President Vladimir Putin has granted former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship, according to an official decree published on the Russian government portal Monday.
Snowden is accused of espionage and theft of government property in the US for leaking troves of information on American intelligence and mass surveillance programs to the media.
The 39-year-old has been living in exile in Moscow after initially traveling to Hong Kong following his 2013 public disclosure of the classified information. He is facing up to 30 years in prison in the US.
In November 2020 Snowden and his wife, Lindsay Mills, applied for Russian citizenship. He had been already given permanent residency in Russia.
Putin’s decision to grant Snowden citizenship comes just days after the Russian President threatened to escalate his war in Ukraine, announcing the “partial mobilization” of citizens.
In 2016, the US Congress released a report saying Snowden had been in contact with Russian intelligence officials since arriving in Russia. Snowden immediately disputed the accusations, writing on Twitter “they claim without evidence that I’m in cahoots with the Russians.”
In a tweet on Monday, Snowden wrote: “After years of separation from our parents, my wife and I have no desire to be separated from our SONS. After two years of waiting and nearly ten years of exile, a little stability will make a difference for my family. I pray for privacy for them – and for us all.”
Snowden would not be subject to the “partial mobilization” announced by Putin since he did not serve in the Russian army, according to his lawyer Anatoly Kucherena, as quoted by Russian state media RIA Novosti on Monday.
“Now the spouse will receive citizenship after he has received it. Now the spouse will apply,” Kucherena told RIA Novosti referring to Snowden’s wife, Mills.
According to the lawyer, Snowden has a child who was born in the Russian Federation and received Russian citizenship at birth.
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed | WUSF
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed | WUSF
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
By
Greg Myre
Published?June 4, 2023 at 7:48 AM EDT
Listen ? 4:55
Armando Franca
/
APFrom Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
Edward Snowden's family traces its role in national security to relatives who fought in the Revolutionary War. Snowden assumed he'd be engaged in similar work as well.
But as a contractor for the National Security Agency, working at an underground facility in Hawaii in 2013, he witnessed the mass collection of electronic data on American citizens, and he thought it was wrong.
"We had stopped watching specific terrorists, and we had started watching everyone just in case they became a terrorist. And this was not something that affected just people far away in places like Indonesia. This is affecting Americans," Snowden said in a 2019 interview with NPR from Moscow, where's he's been living for the past 10 years.
A decade ago, many Americans were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how governments or private companies could monitor citizens on the devices.
Then came Snowden's revelations.
Snowden copied files of the NSA's top-secret surveillance programs and fled the U.S., sharing the highly classified information with several Western journalists, including Barton Gellman, formerly of The Washington Post.
"I think Snowden did substantially more good than harm, even though I am prepared to accept (as he does not) that his disclosures must have exacted a price in lost intelligence," Gellman wrote in his 2020 book, Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State.
Gellman portrays Snowden as a loner filled with zeal and a black-and-white worldview. He describes Snowden as precise and accurate most of the time, though sometimes prone to self-aggrandizement and exaggeration.
U.S. officials still describe Snowden as a 'traitor'
Meanwhile, many in the national security community, then and now, regard Snowden as a traitor. Most all say he should return to the U.S. and face the criminal charges against him.
"He's clearly an individual who betrayed the trust and confidence we had in him. This is not an individual who is acting, in my opinion, with noble intent," said Keith Alexander, the NSA director when Snowden leaked the files.
"What Snowden has revealed has caused irreversible and significant damage to our country and to our allies," Alexander told ABC shortly after the breach.
When Snowden felt he was about to be detained in Hong Kong, he flew to Russia. His final destination was Ecuador, but the U.S. government canceled his passport and charged him with violating the Espionage Act.
Those charges still stand, and Snowden's been in Russia ever since. He received citizenship there last year.
Still, Snowden provoked a fierce debate over government surveillance, personal privacy and the power and perils of technology.
New laws, and a move to encryption
"In the years that have passed, we have seen the laws changed. We have seen the programs change," Snowden said.
In 2015, Congress rewrote the law that allowed the NSA to scoop up everyone's records. The U.S.A. Freedom Act now prohibits the bulk collection of phone records by American citizens.
"The act also includes other changes to our surveillance laws, including more transparency to help build confidence among the American people that your privacy and civil liberties are being protected," President Barack Obama said shortly before signing the USA Freedom Act.
There's been another big shift as well. Many Americans now better understand how governments and private companies like Facebook, Amazon and Google collect personal data. This in turn has led to a much wider use of encryption. Snowden says 2016 marked the first year that a majority of Internet traffic was encrypted, a trend that continues.
There's no sign Snowden's case will be resolved anytime soon.
Snowden said when he landed in Moscow in 2013, he expected to have a one-day layover in Moscow.
But in his 2019 autobiography, Permanent Record, Snowden wrote: "Exile is an endless layover."
Snowden's critics often attack him for living in Russia, all the more so in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He says his attempts to move to other countries have been thwarted by the U.S. government.
"It is not my choice to be in Russia. I'm constantly criticizing the Russian government's policy, the Russian government's human rights record - even the Russian president by name," Snowden said.
From his Moscow apartment, Snowden initially gave online interviews to news outlets around the world. He's been much less visible in recent years. He's now married to American Lindsay Mills, and they have two young sons born in Russia.
Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him @gregmyre1.
More moments in history
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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Greg Myre
Greg Myre is a national security correspondent with a focus on the intelligence community, a position that follows his many years as a foreign correspondent covering conflicts around the globe.
See stories by Greg Myre
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