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Kangal Dog: Complete Breed Guide (Temperament, Lifespan and Facts) | All Things Dogs

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HomeDog BreedsKangal Dog: Complete Breed Guide (Temperament, Lifespan and Facts)

Kangal Dog: Complete Breed Guide (Temperament, Lifespan and Facts)

April 14, 2022

John Woods

Kangal Dogs have gained a reputation for being exceptionally fierce and loyal in battles, defending their flock, against predators of all sizes.

The Kangal dog is a large and powerful ancient livestock guardian originally from the Sivas region in Turkey.

This dog has been selectively bred over hundreds of years primarily as a Turkish shepherd, a guardian dog based on their size, strength, temperament and appearance.

They are also known as a Kangal C?o?ban Ko?peg?i or Kangal Shepherd Dog

This guardian is a large and formidable working dog.

They are especially suited to working in pairs or team(s) to protect livestock from large predators (e.g. Foxes, Wolves and Bears). Because of this, they have a predictable and reliable temperament of being gentle with livestock and children and aggressive to predators.

They were historically bred by Turkish Shepherds, however, in the late 20th century the Kangal become popular in the US for their ability to guard sheep, goats and cattle.

Kangal Dog is best suited to an active working role in livestock guardianship on farms or freeholdings.

To learn more about kangals, their temperament, behavior, breed standard and to understand if this is the right breed for you, read on.

Kangal Dog Quick Summary and Facts

Breed TypeWorking

PurposeWorking (Specializing in guardianship) / Sheep, Goat and Cattle Guardian

Size 30 to 32” (male) or 28 to 30” (female)

Weight 110 to 145 pounds (male) or 90 to 120 pounds (female)

Lifespan12 to 15 years

Color Tan with black muzzle and ears

TemperamentPeaceful towards known humans, children and family pets. Territorial towards all else.

Daily Exercise Self exercise only – 45 minutes to an hour

Activity Level Medium

Daily Food Consumption Between 2,600 and 3,500 calories

Known Health Issues Hip Dysplasia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Kangal Dog Quick Summary and FactsKangal Dogs Breed OverviewKangal Dogs History and OriginBreed Personality, Temperament and BehaviorHow to Care for Kangal DogsKangal Dogs Appearance: Coat, Color and GroomingKnown Health Issues of Kangal DogsDid You Know? Five Interesting Kangal FactsKangal Dogs Summary

Kangal Dogs Breed Overview

Turkish kangal is a working guard dog and shepherd dog recognized by the United Kennel Club and the Cynology Federation of Turkey as an official breed.

This Kurdish dog is the national dog of Turkey. There are two government breeding centers in Sivas; the city where the dog originates from.

Turkey is not the only country with this magnificent dog.

They gained popularity in the US exactly for the task of sheep, goat and cattle guardianship on large farms.

In the US a Kangal puppy will cost upwards of $1,000.

Typically, puppies are sold into the US Farming and Agriculture Industry; which also imports the dog from Europe.

Kangal Dogs History and Origin

The Turkish Shepherd Dog originates from the East Anatolian Plateau of Turkey at the beginning of the 12th century.

It is thought the Kangal is related to early mastiffs, they have been categorized into the molosser family alongside the American Mastiff and Bullmastiff.

The purpose of Kangal Shepherd is to protect flocks of sheep and in more recent times herds of cattle.

He is adaptable to guarding different livestock (i.e. birds), however, they must be trained and managed.

They first came to the UK in 1965 and the US in 1985 and around six to ten dogs are imported each year to the US.

Breed Personality, Temperament and Behavior

Turkish Shepherds ensured their dogs did not display aggression towards humans or sheep (i.e. stock or cattle). This behavior would not be accepted, as the shepherds couldn’t afford to lose sheep, consequently isn’t present in the breed.A Kangal dog is recognized for its predictable and reliable temperament.

For this reason, despite their size, they are very gentle dogs, calm and peaceful with children and family pets whilst being protective of sheep and cattle.

If your dog doesn’t have a herd or flock to guard, don’t be surprised to find them guarding family pets or your children.

They will display independence, typically around two years old, which is the age they typically start guardianship.

She will be bold and fearlessly loyal to their owner being very trustworthy with known humans or animals.

She is always alert and territorial with their family, flock or herd and will find ways to protect them.

Because of their origins, Turkish kangal dogs need a job to prevent boredom and unwanted behaviors. Because they are working dogs, kangal dogs are?not typically recommended for new dog owners or small family homes.

If considering kangal dogs for a residential or city environment consider these two important factors:

You will need a safe, closed area to train your dog, specifically 6-foot fences with deep foundations; to prevent digging and jumping.

Like other shepherd dogs, they bark an awful lot.

Guardianship and Behavior to Predators

A Kangal dog has incredible instinct and the ability to sense a predator.

Typically, two or three dogs are able to protect a flock of anywhere from 150 to 250 sheep. The best combination is two neuter males and a single female.

This enables active patrolling and guardianship.

If a Turkish Kangal hears or senses predators, he has a three-phase approach to protecting his herd:

Their primary defense is to intimidate a predator and bark

If the predator is not deterred and continues to approach he will roar

If the predator is still not deterred he will attack

He has speed, power and agility reaching a speed of over 30 miles per hour (50 kilometers per hour) and a bite force of over 700 psi; three times that of a Pitbull.

Placing themselves between the flock and predator he will attack by throwing their shoulder to knock down a predator before attacking hind legs and throats.

A Turkish Kangal can successfully guard against raccoons, coyotes, hawks, foxes, wolves and bears.

How to Care for Kangal Dogs

This is not the easiest of breeds to handle; people have historically used this breed for the wrong purpose.

They have wonderful and intelligent personalities in a working scenario.

She is most definitely a working guard dog.

A Kangal dog will reach maturity after two years.

A puppy will mature slowly, compared to other guard dogs, and can be very cumbersome; they are notoriously powerful chewers and diggers; they especially like digging under fences!

These dogs grow up slowly, even compared to other shehperd dogs. They can be goofy and adorable as puppies but they are also famous as powerful chewers and diggers.

Food and Diet Requirements

Historically these Sivas Kangals would eat scraps from villages; including water, goat’s milk, yoghurt and bred.

This was known colloquially as yal.

This guardians historical diet probably isn’t nutritionally complete, as it lacks protein in high amounts, so you should look towards a high-quality kibble; feel free to add raw meat occasionally.

However, this breed does eat less than you would imagine for such a giant breed.

Remember

In the US there is not a legal requirement for quality control on dog food or to meet AAFCO nutritional guidelines or packaging.

For simplicity and ease of care the majority of these dogs are fed with a high quality kibble; especially formulated for large-breed and active dogs.

However, some ranches opt to feed a raw diet.

The dog will thrive on both diet types, however, in cities or suburban areas it’s best to avoid a raw diet with this dog due to the logistical requirements of preparing, buying and freezing the feed.

Given the fact a fully grown purebred can stand an impressive 32 inches tall and weighs 145 pounds; they require:

PuppyAdults

Male3,900 to 4,800 calories2,600 to 3,500 calories

Female3,000 to 4,100 calories2,100 to 2,800 calories

Make sure these calories are balanced between protein, fats and carbohydrates.A fully grown male will typically consume 7 cups (2 quarts) of dry kibble to reach their calorie intake.

A dog typically requires 30 calories per 1lb of body weight.

This is heavily influenced by how active the dog is and their age.

Remember

Overfeeding a puppy will not increase their natural size and will result in obesity.

With larger breeds, it is far better to give your puppy enough food for a ten-minute serving. If your puppy has left over food after ten minutes then calculate the leftover and reduce their next serving accordingly.

During their juvenile phase they require something to chew; leather straps or toys are a great substitute to a bone.

Exercise and Activity Requirements

They will roam for 10 miles per week; 45 minutes per day.

Being active shepherd dogs; they certainly require the opportunity to exercise and are active dogs.

These dogs are not overly active (e.g. Huskey), however, they are best suited to large working farms with outdoor space.

He requires a private and calm place to exercise, ideally fields of more than five acres where they can roam.

Whilst patrolling a property he naturally finds higher ground to act as a viewing point.

Whilst out in public, your dog should not be trusted off-leash. He should only ever be off-leash in privately owned properties with secure perimeters.

Your dog will rarely require deliberate exercise, self-exercise through guardianship is all that he will require.

In addition to physical exercise, he is a very intelligent dog who requires mental stimulation.

Obedience and agility training should be avoided. It is practically impossible for any shepherd dogs to undergo basic dog obedience, the same applies to kangal dogs.

Allowing your Kangal Shepherd plenty of time to patrol, roam and run will help them to develop into a loyal and trusted dog.

Training Requirements

Before you attempt to train a Shepherds Dog, you must acknowledge their different characteristics from other breeds.

This Kangal Dog has been bred for hundreds of years as a guardian and has incredible devotion to their flock.

Owning a shepherd dog is not like owning a typical pet.

They are incredibly intelligent and independent thinkers.

Their ability to aggressively defend their herd is innate to them and they require no training for this task.

Your training role with a Kangal will mostly be supervision, as conventional dog training is almost impossible with this breed.

You will need a safe, closed area to training your dog, specifically 6-foot fences with deep foundations; to prevent digging and jumping.

This guardian can typically be trained to complete one of two roles:

Guardianship Shepard (i.e. cattle or flock protection) – the most natural role

Field Protection (i.e. livestock) – a role of active patrol

Some sources online, quote tis dog as being a superb dog for personal protection – this is completely unadvisable.

Kurdish Dog Socializing Requirements

Much of this dogs socializing comes through guardianship in couples or sets.

Companionship is given to a Kangal from a very young age by their pack, mother and master.

Most importantly, this dogs requires active and young socialization; especially if they are being used in protection to become exposed to other sounds, smells and animals.

Exposing your dog to their property at an early age helps to prepare them for their active role.

Grooming requirements

She requires minimal grooming with their short dense double coat.

She sheds their coat twice a year with spring and winter.

During the start of each season, she will require heavy brushing using a metal comb and deshedding tool.

The tool quickly removes loose hair from their undercoat which can be trapped by their overcoat.

After the bi-annual coat shed she will require grooming for 30 minutes each month this should consist of:

Brushing their coat for five minutes each week

Nails clipped once per month

His dense coat will shed consistently throughout the year so is not a hyperallergic dog.

Unlike smaller breeds, this dog does not require their teeth brushing, dental hygiene can be maintained by their diet and bi-annual visits to the veterinarians.

Kangal Dogs Appearance: Coat, Color and Grooming

This isolation has resulted in a large and formidable flock guardian whose size has developed naturally over centuries of active flock management.

They are a very pure breed with little cross-breeding in their history; due to Sivas being so remote from other cities in Turkey.

This isolation developed an easy-to-identify breed standard due to its lack of cross breeding; non-standard colors (e.g. brindle or white on the body) or coats (e.g. fluffy) are indicators that the dog is not a purebred.

This purebred dog is a powerful dog which should be between 30 to 32 inches to the withers (i.e. top of shoulder blades) and weigh between 110 to 145 pounds.

A Turkish dog will be slightly longer than they are tall with a curled tail to complete the famous silhouette.

Kangal Color

The Sivas dog’s color is a famous characteristic of the breed; it should ALWAYS be a solid tan (i.e. light golden, fawn sable, or dun).

It is said Turkish Shepherds wanted their dogs to be tan so they are easier to see at night and differentiate from predators.

His face should have a black mask covering their muzzle in its entirety with soft glossy black ears.

Variation in Color

The black muzzle sometimes continues over the top of their head; this is acceptable in the breed standard

They must always be tan in color with a black muzzle and ears; no exceptions.

Occasionally they will have white markings on their toes or chest; this should be a solid coloration and not spotted.

Some crossbreeds have brindle or white colorings; brindle is a sure sign of crossbreeding and white is only allowed below the knees of the dog (i.e. feet only).

Coat

The coat of a Kangal is a double coat.

This should be a short and quite dense double coat.

The topcoat should be tan (as discussed above) and will be harsh to the touch, whilst the undercoat should be gray and soft.

The length of coat is between 3cm and 7cm depending upon the season.

Her coat will change with the season, during the winter the coat will become thicker making the coat very dense.

In the Spring the thicker coat will be shed as her coat returns to a normal state.

The coat is straight, it should never be long, wavy, wiry or fluffy. She does not have dewlap (i.e. skin rolls).

Summary Table of Their Appearance

PartStandard

HeadThe skull is rounded on all sides with light furrowing in the forehead (without dewlaps). The head should be large and the head width should be 55% of the head length.

NeckThe neck should appear muscular with the skin attached tightly to the neck base with none or very minimal dewlap.

BodyThe body should be between 10-12% longer than the height of its withers, a typical male body should be 33” to 36” in length.

TailThe tail is level with the coup line starting with a thick base and tapers to a curl at the tip.

FeetLarge rounded or oval feet with larger front feet and either a solid tan or white.

CoatA short straight dense double coat 3cm in the summer and 7cm in the winter.

ColorSolid tan color on the dog with a full black muzzle mask and black ears.

Known Health Issues of Kangal Dogs

These Turkish Shepherds dogs are renowned for their incredible health.

The only reason they are not entirely free from known health conditions is because of hip dysplasia; due to their size.

Canine Hip Dysplasia is a heritable condition in these dogs which causes large amounts of pain and arthritis in the dog’s hip joints. This occurs in 50% of large breeds and surgery to improve the condition can cost in excess of $6,000.

Hip dysplasia is the only genetic disease known to affect the dog.

Like with most giant breeds, medical care is required in far larger quantities (e.g. heartworm preventatives) and consequently costs more.

The estimated cost of medical bills for the first year is $1,200.

This breed is a very health breed, and providing you buy from a good breeder – which has bred the dogs responsibly, then they shouldn’t have many health conditions to be concerned of.

If you are seriously considering this dog you should familiarize yourself with the Kangal Dog Club of America who have an ethical breeding standard with 12 key principles:

Understand the needs and demands

Not to breed disqualified dogs

Not to breed poor temperament dogs

Not to cross breed the dog

Certify hip status (using a scan)

Preserve working temperament

Maintain and submit pedigree records

Hip certification reports

DNA certified

Contractual legally binding sales

Support new owners

There are four known and recognized breeders in the US.

Did You Know? Five Interesting Kangal Facts

The breed dates back to the 12th century, where Turkish Shepherds would use the dog to guard their sheep from predators including wolves and bears.

A fully grown male can be over 140 lbs.

The Kangal Shepherd has the strongest bite force in the canine world being able to generate a force of over 700 pounds per square inch; compared to a Rottweiler of 328 pounds per square inch, or a human with a biteforce of 150.

This dog is not a Anatolian Shepherd, they are separate breeds descending from an ancient legacy.

Two or three are perfectly able to protect a flock of sheep between 150 and 250.

Kangal Dogs Summary

A successful owner must be loving whilst providing the dog with an active role and firm leadership.

Consistent applied training and socializing will allow this magnificent guardian to become well trained in flock managed, security or companionship.

This breed has lots to offer; loyalty, fearlessness and guardianship.

Have you owned a Kangal and what role did they have? Feel free to share your experiences or ask questions below.

About John Woods

301 Articles

John Woods is the founder of All Things Dogs, member of the Association of Professional Dog Trainers, graduate in Animal Behavior & Welfare and recognized author by the Dog Writers Association of America.

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12 Comments

Robert Nelson says:

September 11, 2018 at 4:07 am

The only “role” my little girl (117 lb.) has played is to be my bundle of pure love, dedication and protection. She is a 100% pure Kangal, with a registered sire (imported from Turkey) and a dame that traces her lineage back 5 generations.

If I had previously known about this breed before, I would have had owned a Kangal long before; fantastic companions and family members!!!

Debra says:

October 27, 2018 at 1:39 pm

When I lived in Tabriz, Iran we had a Kangal as one of our guard dogs (the other two were Caucasian Sheepdogs). Aslan, our Kangal was intelligent, loyal, and fiercely protective. I would definitely consider welcoming another into my life as a guardian for my farm.

Kay Trim says:

February 6, 2019 at 7:35 pm

I have 10 acres. This dog came to us as a stray pup. Took a little coaxing for him to trust us, but once he did he was totally ours. Gentle & kind – this breed is superb!!

Mehr says:

April 18, 2021 at 1:24 pm

We adopted our Kangal (maybe a Kangal-Kuchi mix) from someone who brought it to our farm. He is very loving and playful, but I am having trouble training him to stop play biting. He also has strong resource guarding instincts. I wanted to know if anybody else has experienced these traits and how they have gone about training them.

Yvonne says:

July 4, 2019 at 9:50 pm

We rescued a two year old male in Montenegro recently. (Obviously no papers, but a pretty distinctive breed). He’s friendly, gentle, calm, very loving, non-aggressive to other animals on walks (unless aggressively approached by them), and LOVES meeting and greeting women. He slips out his harness if he can and runs at SPEED! So far, pretty trainable, but stubborn and independent. Smart, sweet and since we don’t have a fenced garden, stays inside with great house manners. He’s adorable.

Mehr says:

April 18, 2021 at 1:26 pm

Hi Yvonne. It’s great to know your Kangal has been trained so well. Do you have any tips to share? And, did your dog have resource guarding (especially with bones) instincts and play biting problems?

Patrick Longe says:

September 26, 2019 at 8:18 pm

While stationed in Turkey I had a Kangal. She was one of the sweetest and smartest dogs I’ve known. I was heart broken when I wasn’t allowed to bring her back. Thankfully I found her a good home with one of my Turkish friends. She was three when I left so she had just started guarding the home. So for three years we played.

Zen says:

April 18, 2020 at 1:48 am

I have english mastiffs, and siberian huskies which resembles a wolf and I really want a kangal. Does anyone with this breed know if I can raise a kangal with them?

Puddintop says:

July 24, 2021 at 5:08 am

Yes Kangal!

Mine is mixed and is an excellent personal guardian and lover of children. She excels at staying very close to me and being incredibly alert of our environment, using her keen sight and hearing equally well she also is adept at reading me and discerning of I am in need of assistance, myself. This is such a multitalented guardian. I am so impressed. Her flaw may not be from her breed but rather some scary experiences as a pup. She is highly animal reactive.

Murat Ozden says:

August 9, 2021 at 5:49 pm

Everyone from Sivas/Turkey take a bit of pride in the Sivas Kangal breed. I guess I am no exception. My uncles who had cattle farms used to have several of them at any t?me. Sivas Kangal is the only breed in Turkey which can put up a fight against wolves successfully when the wolves occasionally attack the farm animals. Sivas Kangals are super reliable for the protection of a farm or a house, but they are also great companion. Apart from their strength and large size, they are known to be super smart and very caring. I really look forward to having one when I retire.

BTW I am quite puzzled that you referred to Kangal as a “Kurdish dog” twice above. Is it a typo? I have never heard that Kangal dogs would be labeled as Kurdish dogs as a middle age Turkish man in my life regardless of having family roots in Sivas.

Christos says:

August 22, 2021 at 12:00 am

I have a female 2 and a half years now pregnant in Cyprus.She is superb guardian I think from 20months old. she is very friendly with children at walks but barking very much at home when a cat pass by etc.. what astonished me the most was one time I had budgies in her cage, and the one escaped. She caught it with her mouth carefully not to harm it and she put it inside her drinking water for the bird to get wet and not be able to fly until I come and take it and put it back in the cage. That astonished me how intelligent she is on herding. Also when we walk in the mountain and I need to climb somewhere she climbs 1st and waits for me to grab her and pull my self up

Marty says:

October 5, 2021 at 11:01 pm

Our baby is a rescue. We were originally told that she was a Great Pyr mix. As she grew and developed it became apparent that she is 99% if not pure Kangal. She meets all the standards physically, mentally, behavior and in temperament. Her only trait that isn’t in the standard is a small amount of white around her muzzle in the black mask. We got her as a companion for my wife for when I was away. She is extremely protective of her and me and totally accepting of our family members. She immediately sensed that my father in law was older (85 when they met) and is so gentle around him as well as our grand children. I tell my wife that I feel more comfortable with our little Tia (125 lbs and about 32″ at the withers) at home with her when I go hunting. She guards the house at night and will patrol to make sure everything is as it should be. She is an amazing dog we love her and she is part of the family.

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坎高犬_百度百科

百度百科網(wǎng)頁新聞貼吧知道網(wǎng)盤圖片視頻地圖文庫資訊采購百科百度首頁登錄注冊(cè)進(jìn)入詞條全站搜索幫助首頁秒懂百科特色百科知識(shí)專題加入百科百科團(tuán)隊(duì)權(quán)威合作下載百科APP個(gè)人中心坎高犬播報(bào)討論上傳視頻犬屬動(dòng)物收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10本詞條由“科普中國(guó)”科學(xué)百科詞條編寫與應(yīng)用工作項(xiàng)目審核。坎高犬是歷經(jīng)多年培育出的一種猛犬。土耳其著名猛犬。血統(tǒng)純正的坎高犬身材高大，性格兇猛，極具震撼力，坎高犬用于看家護(hù)衛(wèi)或者牧羊，有不戰(zhàn)而退敵之功。小偷和入侵者見此狗，一般都會(huì)望風(fēng)而逃?？哺呷峭炼涞耐饨环▽?，等同中國(guó)的大熊貓。土耳其經(jīng)常將坎高犬借與好友國(guó)家動(dòng)物園進(jìn)行展覽，增進(jìn)互信和友誼。大體型坎高犬是世界上最巨大的犬種，沒有之一。肩高在一米以上的坎高犬也不在少數(shù)。中文名坎高犬外文名kangal界動(dòng)物界門脊椎動(dòng)物門屬犬屬種獒犬亞????門脊椎動(dòng)物亞門榮????譽(yù)土耳其國(guó)犬產(chǎn)????地土耳其體????型巨型犬護(hù)衛(wèi)等級(jí)一級(jí)用????途斗犬、牧羊、護(hù)衛(wèi)、狩獵體????重75 公斤體型肩高65公分-95公分起????源土耳其顏????色土黃，灰白，灰色，麻紋（極少）目錄1地位2贈(zèng)送記錄3簡(jiǎn)介4性格特征5歷史6近種區(qū)別7榮譽(yù)地位播報(bào)編輯土耳其憲法將坎高犬定義為國(guó)犬、國(guó)寶,“民族英雄”曾12次作為國(guó)禮贈(zèng)送給友好國(guó)家的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。上帝的寵物，土耳其是一個(gè)宗教國(guó)家，85%的公民信仰宗教，教徒每年舉行一次天祭，坎高犬為唯一祭品，用來供奉上帝。同時(shí)，坎高犬為土耳其化解數(shù)次外交危機(jī)，避免土耳其被國(guó)際社會(huì)孤立。土耳其國(guó)內(nèi)禁止食用坎高犬?？哺呷碛信c土耳其公民同等的生存權(quán)。贈(zèng)送記錄播報(bào)編輯1991年英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世1992年烏茲別克斯坦總統(tǒng)卡里莫夫；1995年哈薩克斯坦；1997年土庫曼斯坦總統(tǒng)別爾德穆哈梅多夫；2002年前美國(guó)總統(tǒng)小布什；2004年時(shí)任俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京；2007年伊拉克副總統(tǒng)塔里克·哈希米；2009年沙特阿拉伯阿卜杜拉國(guó)王；2010年波黑總統(tǒng)府理事會(huì)主席斯拉迪茲齊；2010年希臘總統(tǒng)帕普利亞斯；2010年德國(guó)總統(tǒng)武爾夫；2011年埃及武裝部委員會(huì)侯賽因·坦塔維；2012年韓國(guó)總統(tǒng)李明博；簡(jiǎn)介播報(bào)編輯土耳其坎高犬是世界上唯一被視為國(guó)寶的猛犬“土耳其民族英雄”，外交法寶。土耳其一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物。安納托利亞犬、巴基斯坦庫達(dá)，烏克蘭牧羊犬，俄羅斯山地犬等犬類，有部分中國(guó)猛犬愛好者也誤認(rèn)為坎高犬。但是這是誤讀，它們并不是同種類型。通過外形可以很清楚的辨認(rèn)坎高犬與其他大型犬的區(qū)別，國(guó)內(nèi)被稱之為地獄犬也只是對(duì)坎高犬的一種稱號(hào)，真正的坎高犬沒有大體與小體之分?？哺呷哂袃?yōu)異的大型猛犬品質(zhì)，血統(tǒng)純正。土耳其坎高犬的唯一認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)為土耳其WAD，牧羊犬協(xié)會(huì)。該協(xié)會(huì)在土耳其以外無任何分支機(jī)構(gòu)，目前土耳其以外所有的純種坎高犬均需要在土耳其本土注冊(cè)。無其他任何注冊(cè)通道。性格特征播報(bào)編輯坎高犬通常被稱為牧羊犬，驅(qū)逐攻擊羊群的熊、豹子、豺狼等，對(duì)人和兒童非常友好、溫柔，對(duì)主人忠誠。作為超大型犬坎高犬擁有較高的打斗能力和護(hù)衛(wèi)能力，因其打斗能力而在土耳其被廣泛用于斗狗賭博，盡管這在土耳其是違法行為。在護(hù)衛(wèi)方面，坎高犬是非常出色的犬種，對(duì)于兒童和老人，除非有主人的特別命令，否則坎高犬是非常友好的。對(duì)于對(duì)主人有威脅的人則會(huì)毫無聲息的發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，跟主人的默契，使得坎高犬在護(hù)衛(wèi)上優(yōu)于其他護(hù)衛(wèi)犬。 [1]歷史播報(bào)編輯坎高犬11世紀(jì)時(shí)，突厥游牧部落“烏古思”（土耳其祖先）侵入安納托利亞成功，與英勇著稱的突厥軍隊(duì)一同到來的還有突厥頂尖軍犬。在帶來民族融合的同時(shí)，這些軍犬與當(dāng)?shù)刎夂返哪裂蛉策M(jìn)行了基因融合，并產(chǎn)出一代新犬種，這種犬種以高貴、孤傲、勇猛、靈巧等特點(diǎn)引起了人們的注意。也因?yàn)檫@些特征極少同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)犬種中，于是，做為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的犬種，并命名“坎高犬”，古突厥語意為“戰(zhàn)斗楷模”。然而，此時(shí)的坎高犬并不出名……它們，只是坎高犬的第一代。200多年后的13、14世紀(jì)，這些突厥部落通過各種政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事措施，在當(dāng)?shù)芈柟塘俗约旱念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，并深得民心，且已成功改國(guó)名為“奧斯曼土耳其”。那個(gè)歷史階段，國(guó)家的強(qiáng)盛與否，更多決定于是否有足夠的牛、馬、羊、草原、人口數(shù)量……慢慢的，此時(shí)的奧斯曼土耳其，為了獲得更多的草原與畜牧，將征服的目標(biāo)鎖定了西邊的歐洲的大片廣袤草場(chǎng)。戰(zhàn)刀所指，國(guó)力所聚！土耳其國(guó)內(nèi)眾多資源，悉數(shù)被納入軍事籌劃：刀、弓、弩、箭、火器、糧草、軍人、猛犬……在這個(gè)時(shí)刻，其名不揚(yáng)的坎高犬在這次舉國(guó)篩選中，脫穎而出，將其它犬種，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的拋在了身后……此后，坎高犬做為土耳其軍方專用犬種，南征北戰(zhàn)，掃蕩八方……一直到16世紀(jì)奧斯曼帝國(guó)的巔峰輝煌時(shí)刻，坎高犬始終做為軍隊(duì)的伙伴與衛(wèi)士，責(zé)無旁貸的占據(jù)特殊的歷史位置……在這些征戰(zhàn)年代中，坎高犬一直不斷的在被犬種優(yōu)化與篩選。戰(zhàn)火中存活下來的坎高犬，經(jīng)過配對(duì)，產(chǎn)下的純種幼犬。一戰(zhàn)中期，更是使用坎高犬探雷，放哨，傳遞戰(zhàn)報(bào)，看護(hù)囚犯等。如此在體力，打斗能力和智商上經(jīng)過反復(fù)篩選，反復(fù)純種配對(duì)，200多年后，才逐漸形成了成熟的坎高犬繁育血統(tǒng)，但是在土耳其沒有公認(rèn)正規(guī)的坎高犬管理機(jī)構(gòu)，所出生的狗都沒有像被FCI認(rèn)可的血統(tǒng)證書。16世紀(jì)下半頁，奧斯曼帝國(guó)盛極而衰，最后土崩瓦解，這些極其具有戰(zhàn)斗力的坎高犬也分散到民間，其中，皇帝血統(tǒng)的坎高犬，集聚在土耳其錫瓦斯省，后該坎高犬集聚地，更名為坎高犬市，以示坎高犬的發(fā)源地之意。隨著奧斯曼土耳其的沒落，以及火藥武器的普及與發(fā)展，坎高犬做為軍隊(duì)主力之一的地位，逐漸被歷史替代。近代的坎高犬除了少部分依然為土耳其國(guó)防軍服務(wù)外，大部分分散在兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域。第一類為土耳其與歐美各國(guó)貴族、富裕階層個(gè)人收集，悉心飼養(yǎng)。第二類為有財(cái)力的土耳其軍事世家及其后裔。這兩類群體，依然悉心保留著最純種的坎高犬，并保留沿續(xù)了坎高犬的純正。產(chǎn)地：土耳其（錫瓦斯，烏爾發(fā)，安卡拉，阿克薩萊等城市）坎高犬通常被稱為牧羊犬，驅(qū)逐攻擊羊群的熊，豹子，豺狼等。對(duì)人和兒童非常友好，溫柔，對(duì)主人忠誠。作為超大型犬坎高犬擁有較高的打斗能力和護(hù)衛(wèi)能力，坎高犬因其打斗能力而在土耳其被廣泛用于斗狗賭博，盡管這在土耳其是違法行為。在護(hù)衛(wèi)方面，坎高犬是非常出色的犬種，對(duì)于兒童和老人，除非有主人的特別命令，否則坎高犬是非常友好的。對(duì)于對(duì)主人有威脅的人則會(huì)毫無聲息的發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，跟主人的默契，使得坎高犬在護(hù)衛(wèi)上優(yōu)于其他護(hù)衛(wèi)犬。在坎高犬的故鄉(xiāng)-土耳其的塞瓦省坎高犬市，非純種的坎高犬也受到極大的重視（血統(tǒng)純正的坎高犬，大多在愛犬人士?jī)?nèi)部圈內(nèi)交流，較少出現(xiàn)在一般公共場(chǎng)合）。在那里，它至今仍主要被用于守護(hù)牧群，在他們的家鄉(xiāng)人們認(rèn)為這是一種唯一可以與狼群搏斗的狗。它們每年被主人從村落中帶出來，去參加一年一度的坎高犬節(jié)（坎高犬技能展示活動(dòng)。非斗狗，土耳其斗狗屬于非法行為）。 [2]近種區(qū)別播報(bào)編輯坎高犬圣伯納犬羅威納犬伯恩山犬坎高犬公犬肩高在85~93厘米，體重60~80千克，坎高犬母犬肩高70~83厘米，體重45~65千克公犬體高70～90厘米，母犬65～80厘米公犬體高70～90厘米，母犬65～80厘米。身高58~70厘米；體重40~44千克皮毛短而密非常濃密、長(zhǎng)毛型、平伏，毛質(zhì)硬，但觸摸上去的感覺不粗糙毛較短，筆直且上毛粗而下毛細(xì)皮毛濃密，中等長(zhǎng)度、略顯得光亮或整齊。顯示出明亮、自然的光輝顏色多見于純色，淡黃、紅色、斑點(diǎn)、黑色、灰白色、黃褐色、二色混合。白色與紅色相間，紅色包括了不同程度的紅色斑點(diǎn)、碎塊。胸部、腳、尾尖、鼻梁、頸部必須為白色。毛色是黑色，加上特定部位上的黃褐色或紅褐色斑，這些斑不超過全身的十分之一。基本色為深黑色。斑紋顏色為豐富的鐵銹色和清澈的白色?？哺呷ゲ{犬羅威納犬伯恩山犬榮譽(yù)播報(bào)編輯土耳其憲法將坎高犬定義為國(guó)犬、國(guó)寶,“民族英雄”曾12次作為國(guó)禮贈(zèng)送給友好國(guó)家的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。上帝的寵物，土耳其是一個(gè)宗教國(guó)家，85%的公民信仰宗教，教徒每年舉行一次天祭，坎高犬為唯一祭品，用來供奉上帝。同時(shí)，坎高犬為土耳其化解數(shù)次外交危機(jī)，避免土耳其被國(guó)際社會(huì)孤立。土耳其國(guó)內(nèi)禁止食用坎高犬?？哺呷碛信c土耳其公民同等的生存權(quán)?？哺呷畼?biāo)準(zhǔn)披毛短毛。顏色多見于純色，淡黃、紅色、斑點(diǎn)、黑色、灰白色、黃褐色、二色混合。皮毛短而密，不很長(zhǎng)而且觸摸時(shí)無羽絨感，淺灰白色和黃色的毛色中，不乏夾雜著黑雜色的毛。頭部頭部結(jié)實(shí)，大而寬；嘴部為面罩狀黑色，雙耳下墜并偶有折耳，頸部粗壯略似弓形，多數(shù)為裁耳。所有的坎高犬的臉部都呈面罩狀黑色，黑色或黑漸變色的耳朵。眼睛小，靠后，方嘴。體態(tài)坎高犬身長(zhǎng)大于身高。坎高犬公犬肩高在85~93公分，體重120斤至160斤，坎高犬母犬肩高70~83公分，體重90斤至130斤。坎高犬體形骨骼強(qiáng)壯，四肢肌肉發(fā)達(dá)，身體富有肌肉感，無多余脂肪，脖子粗大。肩膀強(qiáng)壯，胸部深且闊。警覺時(shí)，尾高高翹起如鐮刀狀。體型巨大，略似馬士提夫，但異常靈巧，在自己或監(jiān)護(hù)人遭到威脅時(shí)，立即挺身而出，并充分的展現(xiàn)出其果敢、力量、速度、勇猛！坎高犬咬合力非常大，達(dá)350磅，在猛犬行列中屬一流性格擁有高貴血統(tǒng)、經(jīng)過良好訓(xùn)練的坎高犬，典型性格是孤傲、獨(dú)立、冷靜、可控制的、不可侵犯、極強(qiáng)保護(hù)意識(shí)。它可與常見的客人、家庭成員、兒童友好相處，既不能過于害羞，也不可過分兇惡。但對(duì)陌生人，卻非常的冷淡。當(dāng)面對(duì)威脅、或被激怒時(shí)，會(huì)作出強(qiáng)硬的回應(yīng)直至回?fù)?。顯露出其異常強(qiáng)悍的兇、猛、強(qiáng)烈的攻擊力！坎高犬發(fā)展史近代隨著奧斯曼土耳其的沒落，以及火藥武器的普及與發(fā)展，坎高犬做為軍隊(duì)主力之一的地位，逐漸被歷史替代。近代的坎高犬除了少部分依然為土耳其國(guó)防軍服務(wù)外，大部分分散在兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域。第一類為土耳其與歐美各國(guó)貴族、富裕階層個(gè)人收集，悉心飼養(yǎng)。第二類為有財(cái)力的土耳其軍事世家及其后裔。這兩類群體，依然悉心保留著最純種的坎高犬，并留存坎高犬血統(tǒng)證明文件。至于其它散落民間的坎高犬，隨著歲月的流逝，已經(jīng)幾乎沒有純種的坎高犬了，同時(shí)，也沒有相關(guān)血統(tǒng)證明。雜交的坎高犬后代，在土耳其各個(gè)村落里，用于守護(hù)牧群，同時(shí)，也導(dǎo)致純正血統(tǒng)的坎高犬，越來越昂貴。現(xiàn)代隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人們經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高，全球許多猛犬愛好者通過各種途徑，了解到了坎高犬。他們通過各種方式獲得了坎高犬，并在各類犬類交流場(chǎng)所，口口相傳，坎高犬在新世紀(jì)又迎來了新的時(shí)代在國(guó)外盡管土耳其坎高犬收到出口管制，但是，這并不能阻擋眾多愛狗人事的熱情。通過各種特殊方式，他們合法的將坎高犬，紛紛納入自己的愛犬收集計(jì)劃。在德國(guó)，政府機(jī)構(gòu)一度因坎高犬過度兇猛，攻擊力強(qiáng)，（且有些別有用心的人士，用坎高犬來斗狗，豪賭，極大的破壞了坎高犬的公眾形象）而禁止坎高犬入境，但這顯然讓坎高犬背負(fù)了過多的不公。后經(jīng)過眾多坎高犬愛好者的努力，如今，坎高犬已經(jīng)在德國(guó)解禁，成為了可以受廣大猛犬愛好者的合法備選犬種之一。在英國(guó)，坎高犬于20世紀(jì)80年代被引入，并迅速受到猛犬愛好者的喜愛。在新西蘭、在澳大利亞、法國(guó)、希臘、西班牙、日本、俄羅斯、埃及、沙特……坎高犬已經(jīng)被世界上越來越多的國(guó)家與地區(qū)所接受。在中國(guó)，只要是合法入關(guān)，且經(jīng)過疾病預(yù)防檢疫的犬只，并沒有拒絕入境的相關(guān)條理。注：坎高犬具有優(yōu)異的大型猛犬品質(zhì)，數(shù)量稀少，血統(tǒng)純正。有時(shí)候安納托利亞犬也被稱作坎高犬。但是這是誤讀，它和坎高犬并不是同種類型，愛好者應(yīng)認(rèn)真區(qū)別。新手上路成長(zhǎng)任務(wù)編輯入門編輯規(guī)則本人編輯我有疑問內(nèi)容質(zhì)疑在線客服官方貼吧意見反饋投訴建議舉報(bào)不良信息未通過詞條申訴投訴侵權(quán)信息封禁查詢與解封?2024?Baidu?使用百度前必讀?|?百科協(xié)議?|?隱私政策?|?百度百科合作平臺(tái)?|?京ICP證030173號(hào)?京公網(wǎng)安備110000020000

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發(fā)布者：辛香英發(fā)布時(shí)間：2016-04-27瀏覽次數(shù)：10035

Curriculum VitaeKaan Kangal（康加恩）[email protected] Department,Nanjing UniversityXianlin Campus, Nanjing, PR China?Born in Ankara, Turkey26 February 1986?Employment:Since 2018: Associate Professor in Philosophy Department of Nanjing University2014-2018: Assistant Professor in Philosophy Department of Nanjing University ?Education:Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit?t München 2011-2013 (PhD Philosophy, Sociology)Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit?t München 2008-2011 (Philosophy, Sociology, Slavistics in Magister)Lomonosov State University (MGU) 2008 (Russian Language)Friedrich-Schiller-Universit?t Jena 2005-2008 (Philosophy, Sociology, Slavistics in Magister)Deutsche Schule Istanbul 2000-2005Academic interests:Dialectics, Hermeneutics, Metaphysics, Marx-Engels research?Selected Publications?Books and EditionsFriedrich Engels and Dialectics of Nature. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020 (paperback edition, 2021)?Engels ve Diyalektik. Bir Tart??man?n Tarih?esi. Kor Yay?nlar?, 2021 ?(ed.) Engels ve Do?an?n Diyalekti?i. Kor Yay?nlar?, 2021 ?Articles, Chapters and Book Reviews?2021/2022Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature; in: Smail Rapic: Engels. Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming)?Marx’ Bonner Hefte im Kontext. Ein Rückblick auf das Verh?ltnis von Bruno Bauer und Karl Marx zwischen 1839 und 1842, Beitr?ge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung. Neue Folge (forthcoming)?Moggach: Perfektionismus der Autonomie book review, The European Legacy (forthcoming)?Studies of the Paris Manuscripts. The Turning Point of Marx, by Han Lixin (book review); Science and Society (forthcoming)?Georg Lukács and the Possibility of Critical Social Ontology, edited by Michael J. Thompson (book review); Science and Society (forthcoming) ??The Return of Nature. Socialism and Ecology, by John B. Foster (book review); Science and Society (forthcoming)?Le intenzioni di Engels nella Dialettica della natura, Città del Sole?2021Engels’ Conception of Dialectics in the Plan 1878 of Dialectics of Nature; in: Kohei Saito (ed.): The Legacy of Engels in the 21st?Century, Palgrave Macmillan ?2020Marx’s Bonn Notebooks in Context: Reconsidering the Relationship between Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx between 1839 and 1842; Historical Materialism, 28: 4, pp. 102–138 doi:10.1163/1569206X-12341901?A Dialética Emergentista de Engels; Tradutores Proletarios, December 4, 2020?Frederick Engels’ Emergentist Dialectics; Monthly Review, 2020, 72: 6, pp. 18-27 doi: 10.14452/MR-072-06-2020-10_2?Friedrich Engels: Emergenz und Dialektik; Widerspruch, 70, pp. 43-56.?More Than Just Another Marx Biography;?Science and Society, 2020. Vol. 84. No. 4, pp. 555-559 https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2020.84.4.555?關(guān)于馬克思《波恩筆記》出版評(píng)注的批判性思考; 南京大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)·人文科學(xué)·社會(huì)科學(xué)), 二〇二〇年第三期, pp.21-25.?Discuss?es marxistas na Economia Digital: uma crítica a Christian Fuchs; Revista Eletr?nica Internacional de Economia Política da Informa??o, da Comunica??o e da Cultura, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 68-82.?Paul Blackledge, Friedrich Engels and Modern Social and Political Theory (book review), in: https://marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/17868_friedrich-engels-and-modern-social-and-political-theory-by-paul-blackledge-reviewed-by-kaan-kangal/?Engels’ Dialektik in der Dialektik der Natur, Zeitschrift für marxistische Erneuerung, vol. 122, pp. 81-94.?Engels’in kuramsal ve felsefi ?al??malar?na dair birka? not, Teori ve Eylem, vol. 45, pp. 49-58.?2019Karl Marx’s Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy, by Kohei Saito; Science and Society (ISSN: 0036-8237), 2019, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 130-132 (book review). https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2019.83.1.127?Engels’ Intentions in Dialectics of Nature; Science and Society (ISSN: 0036-8237), 2019, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 215-243. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2019.83.2.215?A Marxist Utopian between East and West: Karl Schmückle: historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/marxist-utopian-between-east-and-west-karl-schmuckle?The Concept in Crisis: Reading Capital Today by Nick Nesbitt (ed.); in: Contemporary Political Theory (ISSN: 1470-8914), 2019, 18 (S2), pp. 106-109 (book review). ?https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-018-0190-y?卡爾-馬克思的自然科學(xué)札記——1990—2016德國(guó)MEGA2研究綜述；in: http://www.xinhuawz.com/knReader/Default.aspx?type=2&doi=f4c1a888-ff59-486e-88a5-f3437ebe0deb 添加時(shí)間2019-05-09?2018Marx ve Do?an?n Diyalekti?i; in: Teori ve Eylem, no. 18, pp. 68-77.?Marx and Engels on Planetary Motion; in: Marx-Engels-Forschung Neue Folge 2016/17, pp. 202-224.?Maschinerie; in: Historisch-kritisches W?rterbuch des Marxismus, vol. 9.1, Hamburg, Argument, 2018, pp. 1-14.?Sean Sayers’?n Maddi Olmayan Emek ve Bilgi Ekonomisi Kavramlar?, ?Maddi Olmayan Emek Teorisi?, Arif Kosar (ed), Kor Yay: Istanbul, Turkey, 2018, pp. 137-150. ?Dijital Emek Tart??malar?, ?Maddi Olmayan Emek Teorisi?, Arif Kosar (ed), Kor Yay: Istanbul, Turkey, 2018, pp. 157-172.?卡爾-馬克思的自然科學(xué)札記——1990-2016德國(guó)MEGA~2研究綜述; 現(xiàn)代哲學(xué), 2018-05, pp. 5-14. ?Karl Schmückle and Western Marxism; in: ?Revolutionary Russia (ISSN: 0954-6545), 2018, 31 (1), pp. 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2018.1478671?2017卡爾·施穆科勒與蘇聯(lián)MEGA1編輯工作; 江蘇社會(huì)科學(xué), 2017-1, pp. 127-132. ??Sean Sayers' Concept of Immaterial Labor and the Information Economy; in: Science and Society, Vol. 81, No. 1, January 2017, pp. 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2017.81.1.124?Back to Marx. Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, by Zhang Yibing; in: Science and Society (ISSN: 0036-8237), Vol. 81, No. 2, April 2017, pp. 305-308 (book review).? ?https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2017.81.4.613?Carchedi's Dialectics: A Critique; in: Science and Society, Vol. 81, No.2, July 2017, pp. 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2017.81.3.427?2016The Karl Marx Problem in Contemporary New Media Economy: A Critique of Christian Fuchs' Account; in: Television & New Media, 2016, Vol. 17 (5), pp. 416-428.?DOI: 10.1177/1527476415622266?2015Dialektik, Heuristik und Wahrscheinlichkeit; in: Aufhebung 6, Salzburg 2015, pp. 51-70.?馬克思與海德格爾的物、事物和物化; 南京社會(huì)科學(xué)2015-9, pp. 52-58. ?Ontologie bei Lukács und Holz. Eine Replik auf Claudius Vellay; in: Aufhebung 7, Salzburg 2015, pp. 113-130.?Do?an?n Diyalekti?i Nedir? Friedrich Engels'?n Diyalektik Tan?m? üzerine Baz? Dü?ünceler; in: FLSF Issue 20, Fall 2015, pp. 39-54.?2014?Philosophie, Arbeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit. Zu einer philosophischen Katadioptrik im Anschlu? an Josef K?nig, Hans Heinz Holz und Joachim Schickel; in: Aufhebung 4, Salzburg 2014, pp. 43-78.?Felsefede ve Fizyolojide Camera Obscura. 19. Yüzy?l Alman Dü?ünce Dünyas?na Dair Bir ?nceleme; in: FLSF, Issue 16, Ankara 2014, pp. 141-170. ?Sürrealizm ve Felsefe; in: Sanat Dünyam?z, Issue 140, Istanbul 2014, pp. 48-53.?2013Otra?enie, Wi(e)derspiegelung und mittlere Eigentlichkeit; in: Aufhebung 3, 2013, pp. 68-87.??Joachim Schickel: Der Logos des Spiegels. Struktur und Sinn einer spekulativen Metapher; in:?Widerspruch, Heft 57, München Juli 2013, pp. 194-195?(book review).??Awards2020年南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系“唯真獎(jiǎng)教管金”David-Rjazanov-Preis 2019 https://marxforschung.de/rjazanov-preis/??InterviewChina Daily English edition, 1 July 2021?人物訪談?| 康加恩：異域中的馬克思主義深耕。原創(chuàng)：實(shí)踐與文本實(shí)踐與文本。2019-12-23 ???

傳說中的土耳其鬥犬－坎高犬（Kangal） - 土女時(shí)代︱你的土耳其文化小百科 - 土女時(shí)代︱你的土耳其文化小百科

傳說中的土耳其鬥犬－坎高犬（Kangal） - 土女時(shí)代︱你的土耳其文化小百科

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傳說中的土耳其鬥犬－坎高犬（Kangal）

3 月.07 2017

by O?uz

提到土耳其的狗狗，最有名的就是坎高犬（Kangal）了?！缚哺撸↘angal）」這個(gè)名字是取自於土耳其中部錫瓦斯?。⊿ivas）的坎高縣（Kangal），但很多人誤解認(rèn)為這種狗是產(chǎn)自於錫瓦斯，其實(shí)不然。事實(shí)上，坎高犬來自於中亞，當(dāng)初在11世紀(jì)時(shí)隨著土耳其人遷徙而進(jìn)入安納多魯半島（或稱安納托利亞）。

那麼，為什麼要用「坎高（Kangal）」這個(gè)地名來替狗狗取名，而不是用其他的城市呢？

1968年，有兩位英國(guó)的考古學(xué)家洛伊德（Messrs J. Lloyd）和黎斯（ D. Lyth）前往錫瓦斯的坎高縣進(jìn)行考察工作，結(jié)束後將他們收養(yǎng)的兩隻小狗（一公一母，公的取名為 Atak，母的取名為 Elif）帶回英國(guó)。為了如何命名這個(gè)品種讓英國(guó)犬隻協(xié)會(huì)傷透腦筋，經(jīng)過幾次改名，1983年才將其正式命名為「安納多魯牧羊犬」（Anadolu ?oban K?pe?i）。這種狗被稱為坎高犬（Kangal），只能說一切都是天意，一切都是命運(yùn)?要是當(dāng)初考古學(xué)家去了番紅花城（Safranbolu），這種狗現(xiàn)在可能就會(huì)被稱為「番紅花犬」，如果那兩位英國(guó)人去了卡帕多奇亞，或許現(xiàn)在得稱之為「卡帕多奇亞犬」。像凡貓一樣，坎高犬現(xiàn)在也是讓土耳其人引以為傲的動(dòng)物之一。不過也有人覺得諷刺，因?yàn)樽屚炼淙烁械津湴恋娜N，竟然是由英國(guó)人來命名。

總之，他們是屬於牧羊犬的一支，可見牧羊犬的種類很多，並不是每一種都長(zhǎng)得像靈犬萊西那樣。

坎高犬的性情與特徵

坎高犬其中一項(xiàng)重要的特性是他們善於長(zhǎng)途跋涉，或許幾世紀(jì)的遷徙讓他們逐漸發(fā)展出這項(xiàng)能力。他們也相當(dāng)勇猛，動(dòng)作敏捷，面對(duì)陌生人或其他動(dòng)物（例如狼）時(shí)，他們會(huì)主動(dòng)出擊，不過這並不代表他們生性殘暴，其實(shí)他們?cè)谛『⒆用媲胺炊呛軠伛Z呢。和其他狗狗一樣，他們對(duì)主人也非常忠誠，也因?yàn)榉N種這些特性，他們長(zhǎng)年在安納多魯常擔(dān)任看家、看牲畜的角色。

坎高犬的體型（以成犬為例）：

高度：公犬約 74-81公分，母犬約 71-79 公分

體重：公犬約 50-60 公斤，母犬約 41-49 公斤

如果用數(shù)字來表示坎高犬（Kangal）的個(gè)性特徵的話，或許更能對(duì)他們更加認(rèn)識(shí)：

和其他狗類的相處程度（1 分表示不好相處，5 分表示極好相處）：2（好吧，難怪會(huì)被當(dāng)成鬥犬?）

和孩童的相處程度（1 分表示不好相處，5 分表示極好相處）：4

和陌生人的相處程度（1 分表示不好相處，5 分表示極好相處）：1（對(duì)陌生人敵意很強(qiáng)）

馴服能力（1 分表示不易馴服， 5 分表示極易馴服）：3-4（有時(shí)還是需要專業(yè)人士才行）

防衛(wèi)能力（1 分表示防衛(wèi)能力差，5 分表示防衛(wèi)能力強(qiáng)）：5 （是能全力保護(hù)主人的忠犬）

17世紀(jì)奧斯曼帝國(guó)時(shí)期的遊歷作家切萊比（Evliya ?elebi）的作品《Sehayatname》中也曾提及坎高犬，說他們「像獅子一樣力大無窮（Aslan kadar gü?lüdür）」。

鬥犬電影《錫瓦斯（Sivas）》

前兩天，學(xué)校的土耳其學(xué)生會(huì)所播映的這部電影《錫瓦斯（Sivas）》（2014）就是和坎高犬有關(guān)。這部片贏得第71屆威尼斯國(guó)際影展的評(píng)審團(tuán)大獎(jiǎng)，講述一位男孩阿斯蘭（Aslan）收養(yǎng)了一隻在鬥犬比賽中落敗的坎高犬錫瓦斯（Sivas）。土耳其的鬥犬比賽似乎比較少人提及，因?yàn)檫@類比賽在土耳其尚未合法化，通常都在辦在警察比較找不到的地方。影片中有一幕就是 Aslan 他們帶著狗狗 Sivas 去比賽場(chǎng)地的途中時(shí)遇到憲兵路檢，他們謊稱是要將狗帶去給安卡拉的親戚；還有在回程時(shí)，用整罐芳香劑噴灑車內(nèi)，來消除比賽後狗狗身上的體味、泥巴味和血腥味。雖然錫瓦斯最後贏得了冠軍，但阿斯蘭也開始思考這樣真的對(duì)狗狗好嗎？

土耳其目前有所謂的「坎高犬超級(jí)聯(lián)盟（Kangal Süper Ligi）」比賽，名字很好聽，但簡(jiǎn)單來說就是鬥犬比賽，參賽者下注，賭資除了金錢以外，也可能包含莊稼、土地、車子等。鬥犬比賽的隱密性極高，一般人除非加入會(huì)員，否則不易得知其所舉辦的場(chǎng)所，而通常主辦單位只會(huì)在開賽前的一小時(shí)，才會(huì)在只有會(huì)員可以加入的網(wǎng)站上公告比賽地點(diǎn)。有些人將這種比賽視為是一種傳統(tǒng)，不過土耳其坎高犬保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)（Kangal Koruma Dernekleri）期望將這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)合法化，讓坎高犬能得到更人道的照顧與對(duì)待。

阿斯蘭最後不想讓錫瓦斯繼續(xù)去當(dāng)鬥犬，雖然不知道是不是這算不算是導(dǎo)演想要表達(dá)的，但這部片讓觀眾看到了鬥犬比賽中的殘忍。當(dāng)然影片一開頭就有出現(xiàn)「片中的所有動(dòng)物沒遭受任何傷害」的字句，從幕後花絮片段也得知狗狗身上的血跡和傷痕都是化妝師弄出來的，但看到圍觀民眾不停地激動(dòng)叫囂，再對(duì)照著兩隻狗激烈扭打的場(chǎng)景，想到在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中這種情況正在發(fā)生，不免還是有那種覺得人類很可惡的心情。

目前介紹坎高犬較為詳盡的書籍是奧爾罕?耶瑪斯（Orhan Y?lmaz）所著的《坎高犬簡(jiǎn)史》（2005，Kangal K?pe?i Tarih?esi Tan?t?m? Yeti?tirilmesi Islah?）。

有興趣的也可以看看電影預(yù)告片：

#土耳其動(dòng)物#土耳其巨犬#土耳其狗

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Kangal: dog breed temperament and characteristics

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> Kangal: dog breed temperament and characteristics

Kangal: dog breed temperament and characteristics

The Kangal is known to have a loving and protective nature, making it an especially great dog for families and children.

Written by

Kristin Kretzler

— Medically reviewed by Dr. Bruce D. Armstrong

Everything we create is factually accurate and biased toward science → meet our team of experts

Updated February 6, 2024

Source: Flickr, Steff Joe

Table of Contents

Temperament and characteristics

Fun facts

Caring for your kangal

Training

History

Common kangal health problems

Kangal fun facts

Similar breeds

Frequently asked questions

Kangal breed overview

Average Weight (Male)* — 123.5 pounds

Average Weight (Female)* — 96.8 pounds

Breed Size* — XLarge

Height — 25-31 inches

Life span — 12-15 years

Breed temperament —?Protective and loyal, and usually not aggressive unless provoked

Coat length & texture — Short, dense double coat

Coat color — Fawn or sable with a black mask on the face and ears

Hypoallergenic — No

Exercise needs — Moderate

Barking — Only to alert

Intelligence — High

Origin — Turkey

Breed group — Guardian Dog Group (United Kennel Club)

*Methodology: Average male weight, female weight and breed size are based on calculations from our database of more than 1,400,000 pets.?

Kangal temperament and characteristics?

Kangals have a generally calm and affectionate temperament, and they make loyal and loving family pets. However, their protective and territorial nature is a part of their breeding, and they’re also known for their courage and independence.

They can be playful and do enjoy spending time with their families, but they’re not typically known for being hyper or overly active. Outdoor activities such as walks or runs satisfy the kangal’s need for bonding and physical exercise.

When socialized from an early age, kangals are generally kid-friendly. It’s important to supervise interaction between children and kangals, especially because of their size, strength, and protective instincts. Kangals can be wary of strangers and may not react well to other pets, especially smaller animals like cats or rodents. Early socialization can help minimize these tendencies.

Due to their size and exercise needs, kangals do best in homes with a large yard where they can roam and play. They’re not typically suited for apartment living.

fun facts

Coming up with a pet name can be fun but tricky. Search no further! According to PetScreening’s 2024 database, the majority of our users name their male Kangals Elliott and Charlie. Meanwhile, most of our users with female Kangals love Zoey.

Pictures of kangals

Caring for your kangal

Caring for a new kangal puppy can feel overwhelming. You’ll want to schedule your first trip to the vet so your pup can stay current on vaccinations and checkups. You might also want to think about puppy-proofing your home and read up on how to prepare for teething.

Exercise

Kangals were originally bred for guarding livestock. Even though they have a relaxed temperament, they still need regular exercise and mental stimulation to be at their best.

A typical daily exercise routine for a kangal might include a brisk walk or run, as well as playtime with their owner or other dogs. Kangals also enjoy outdoor activities and may enjoy hiking or swimming with their family.

It’s important to note that kangals are a large breed, so it’s crucial to avoid over-exercising them when they are young, as this could put undue stress on their developing bones and joints. For adult kangals, 1-2 hours of exercise per day should be sufficient.

In addition to getting enough exercise, kangals also benefit from mental stimulation. They enjoy training and problem-solving games, such as hide-and-seek, tracking, running an agility course, or solving puzzle toys. This helps keep their minds active and prevents boredom.

Training your kangal

Training a kangal dog requires patience and consistency. Their intelligent, independent nature makes them perfect for taking care of livestock. But that independence also means they can be quite stubborn.

Positive reinforcement training works best for kangals, as they respond well to rewards such as treats or praise. Harsh or physical methods can lead to mistrust and even aggression, which is why it’s essential to establish a strong bond with them.

Kangals love to learn and, with consistent training, can be taught various tasks, such as basic obedience, agility, and tracking. In addition to basic commands, training should also include socializing them to ensure your kangal puppy grows to be a gentle giant.

Grooming

Kangals have a short, dense coat that is relatively low-maintenance. There are some basic grooming needs that should be addressed, though.

Brushing: Kangals have a thick, double coat that sheds moderately year-round. Weekly brushing can help keep shedding under control and remove any loose hair or dirt.

Bathing: Kangals do not require frequent baths. They have natural oils in their skin that help keep their coat healthy and clean. Bathing them no more than once a month should suffice, unless they get particularly dirty or start to smell.

Nail trimming: Kangals have strong, sturdy nails that require regular trimming to prevent them from becoming too long and causing discomfort or injury. If you can hear the nails clicking on the floor as the dog walks, it may be time for a trim.

Ear cleaning: Kangals have drop ears that can trap dirt and moisture, making them prone to infections. It’s a good idea to check their ears regularly and keep them clean and dry. Use a damp cloth or cotton ball to wipe the inside of the ears gently. Never insert anything into the ear canal.

Teeth brushing: Like all dogs, Kangals can develop dental problems. Brushing their teeth regularly (at least once a week) can help prevent tartar and plaque buildup and keep their breath fresh. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and a toothpaste formulated for dogs.

Skin inspection: As kangals have a dense coat, it is important to keep an eye on their skin to ensure it stays healthy. If you see redness, bumps, or other skin abnormalities, contact your veterinarian.

Diet and nutrition

Kangals have some special dietary requirements due to their size and activity level. Generally speaking, kangals should be eating up to 2.5 cups of dry food each day, spread out over two meals instead of one larger meal in order to help prevent bloat.

It’s important to adjust the amount of food consumed depending on the dog’s activity level, so exercise should be taken into account when portioning food. Pet parents can refer to their veterinarian for advice on food portioning and a nutritionally balanced diet plan. Overall, a balanced diet with healthy caloric levels is essential for kangals to ensure they remain in good health.

History of the kangal

The kangal dog originated in the Kangal District of Sivas Province, where the Turkish people originally bred them as livestock guardians. These large dogs were specifically developed to protect herds of sheep and goats from fierce predators like wolves and bears.

The kangal is one of several strains of Anatolian shepherd dogs, which are commonly found throughout Turkey. In the past, these dogs were not bred for any specific physical traits, but rather for their working ability and natural guard dog instincts. As a result, kangal dogs can vary in size, color, and coat type, although they tend to have a similar calm temperament and work ethic.

The kangal was recognized as a unique breed by the Turkish government in 1985, and since then has gained popularity as a companion dog around the world. In fact, the kangal dog has been declared the National Dog of Turkey and is considered to be a national treasure.

The American Kennel Club has not yet recognized the kangal as a distinct breed, but did recognize the Anatolian shepherd dog in 1996, classifying them into the Working Group. The AKC considers the kangal and the Anatolian shepherd dog to be the same breed, which is also known as goban kopegi or Anatolian karabash. The primary registration body for the kangal in the United States is the United Kennel Club (UKC), where the breed is currently categorized in the Guardian Dog Group.

The first known American instance of Anatolian shepherds, or kangals, was pre-World War II when the breed was used in the secretive “Sheepdog Project.” At the time, wolves were among the greatest threats to American ranchers’ herds of sheep. So, the Department of Agriculture set out to determine which breed of dog would be best for the job of protecting these valuable flocks.

After the passage of the Endangered Species Act which stated predatory wolves could no longer be killed, these kangal shepherd dogs thrived. This is mostly due to the fact that they prefer to intimidate threats, not fight them.

Today, the kangal remains an important breed in Turkey, where it is used to guard livestock and other animals. The kangal is known for its loyalty, intelligence, and protective nature, as well as its ability to work in harsh environments and protect its flock from predators. The breed is also gaining popularity as a family pet and watchdog around the world, due to its gentle nature and fierce loyalty to its family.

Breeds similar to the kangal

Kangals are a very large breed of dog. We’ve also mentioned their tendency to be very independent and stubborn, which means they may not be the best choice for inexperienced dog owners.? If you’re not quite sure that a kangal is right for you, here are some others that share their more desirable characteristics::

Australian shepherd. This medium-sized breed is known for being highly intelligent and loyal with a gentle nature. They are an active breed that thrives on physical exercise, making them a great companion for families who enjoy the outdoors.

Basset hound. This low-slung hound dog has a friendly and laid-back personality. Despite their appearance, basset hounds are surprisingly active and require plenty of exercise to stay content.

Boxer. The boxer is a large breed with an energetic personality and a deep devotion to their family. They make wonderful companions due to their loyalty and naturally affectionate behavior.

Common kangal health problems?

Kangals are a generally healthy breed, but pet parents should be mindful of certain health conditions that can be triggered by genetics, diet, or environmental factors.

Bloat. Bloat is a serious health concern and can often be fatal if not treated in time. It occurs when gas builds up in the stomach or intestines, causing them to become enlarged and possibly twist or rotate.

Hip dysplasia. This joint condition can cause pain and lameness due to malformed, dislocated, or deteriorated hip joints in the hind legs. It is usually caused by genetics, but can also be triggered by environmental factors such as being overweight or eating an unbalanced diet.

Hypothyroidism

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. A condition where the thyroid glands don’t produce adequate levels of hormones, hypothyroidism can occur in kangals and cause obesity, skin problems, hair loss, and lethargy.

Allergies. Skin allergies are common in kangals due to their thick undercoat which causes moisture to build up and itchiness that could lead to inflammation. Food allergies are also quite prevalent and can cause vomiting, diarrhea and other digestive issues.

Cost of caring for a kangal

Dog owners need to be aware that costs associated with treating any of these conditions can add up. Health insurance is an effective way to reduce out-of-pocket expenses while a pet savings account can help set aside funds for unexpected veterinary bills. Taking the time to prepare financially can ensure your pet is always taken care of in case of any health issues.

Kangal fun facts

Kangals are one of the oldest known breeds of livestock guardian dogs. They originated in the Sivas province of Turkey and were used to guard flocks of sheep and goats against predators such as wolves, wild boars, and bears.

Kangals have exceptional eyesight and hearing. They can see and hear up to five times better than humans, and can detect movement in near darkness.

The kangal breed is fiercely loyal to its family and often exhibits a strong protective instinct. Nevertheless, they are also known for their calm and gentle nature around children and other family members. Kangals are known to form close bonds with children and will often go to great lengths to protect them if they perceive them to be in danger.

Frequently asked questions

Can you own a kangal in the United States?

Yes, it is possible to own a kangal in the US. However, since they are not yet recognized by the American Kennel Club, potential owners will need to research reputable breeders and seek out confirmed certification from organizations such as the United Kennel Club. It’s worth noting that obtaining kangal dogs directly from Turkey is not allowed as exportation of the breed is forbidden.

Are kangal dogs aggressive?

Kangal dogs have a strong instinct for protection, but are usually not considered to be an overly aggressive breed due to their naturally gentle demeanor. They react appropriately when responding to threats, but may be too timid around strangers if not socialized properly.

Is a kangal a good family dog?

With proper training and socialization, kangals can make excellent family pets. They are loyal, protective of their family members, and great with young children when raised correctly.

What is it like to own a Turkish kangal dog?

Owning a Turkish kangal can be a great experience – for the right person. These dogs have been bred for centuries with loyalty and guardian instincts at the heart of their reputation. With patience and consistency from their owners, these dogs thrive in family settings where they enjoy having jobs that challenge them mentally and physically.

Is the kangal the most powerful dog?

The kangal dog is considered by some to be the most powerful breed of dog in terms of bite force, which is often measured at about 743 psi (pounds per square inch). The next closest average bite force measurements are the American Bandogge and the Cane Corso at 730 psi and 700 psi, respectively.

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人物訪談 | 康加恩：異域中的馬克思主義深耕_中國(guó)

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人物訪談 | 康加恩：異域中的馬克思主義深耕

2019-12-23 10:53

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實(shí)踐與文本

原標(biāo)題：人物訪談 | 康加恩：異域中的馬克思主義深耕

康加恩（Kaan Kangal）于1986年2月26日出生于土耳其安卡拉，德國(guó)慕尼黑大學(xué)哲學(xué)博士，南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系副教授，精通土耳其文、德文、英文、俄文、拉丁文，主要研究方向?yàn)檗q證哲學(xué)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)、科學(xué)哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)哲學(xué)。于2014年5月起在南京大學(xué)馬克思主義社會(huì)理論研究中心和哲學(xué)系任教。

1. 您當(dāng)初為何選擇來南京大學(xué)工作，在南京大學(xué)工作有什么樣的感受，這樣的工作經(jīng)歷對(duì)您有什么樣的幫助？

我在耶拿、莫斯科和慕尼黑學(xué)習(xí)了十年的哲學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)和俄羅斯文學(xué)。在慕尼黑大學(xué)獲得博士學(xué)位后，我真的不知道下一步該做什么。我首先想到的是，我當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)歐洲的哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)非常熟悉，但對(duì)遠(yuǎn)東卻一無所知。因此，前來亞洲探尋該地區(qū)的知識(shí)傳統(tǒng)和文化是很有意義的。畢竟，作為一個(gè)有土耳其血統(tǒng)的人，我一直有一種東西方融合的理智感。中國(guó)似乎是開展這一計(jì)劃的最佳地點(diǎn)。那時(shí),我向一些人咨詢了有關(guān)中國(guó)的事情，包括研究中國(guó)的著名美籍土耳其學(xué)者阿里夫·德里克（Arif Dirlik）。

照片攝于1983年12月南京大學(xué)，德里克居第一排中間

展開全文

德里克與我們的同事張一兵教授和胡大平教授關(guān)系密切，曾多次訪問我們的馬克思主義社會(huì)理論研究中心。因此，他會(huì)推薦南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系也就不足為奇了。至于南京以至中國(guó)的人際關(guān)系和學(xué)術(shù)氛圍，我發(fā)現(xiàn)比我預(yù)期的要好的多。在這里，我有機(jī)會(huì)與非常出色的人和學(xué)術(shù)巨擘見面，包括中國(guó)和外國(guó)學(xué)者。在馬克思研究方面，中國(guó)有著非常好的研究機(jī)會(huì)和非常友好的環(huán)境。我也喜歡中國(guó)學(xué)者之間、中外學(xué)者之間有關(guān)科研競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的精神。很明顯，中國(guó)人也有優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)于國(guó)際爭(zhēng)論的了解比外國(guó)學(xué)者有關(guān)中國(guó)的了解多得多。我還見證了幾次中韓、中日學(xué)者之間的學(xué)術(shù)交流，而這些交流是西方學(xué)者所不知道的。我認(rèn)為中國(guó)學(xué)者應(yīng)該承擔(dān)起重任，讓更多其他國(guó)家的學(xué)者了解發(fā)生在中國(guó)的研究和討論，或者說很有必要讓中國(guó)的馬克思主義研究在其他國(guó)家更廣為人知。

2.根據(jù)您的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，中國(guó)和國(guó)外學(xué)界對(duì)馬克思主義哲學(xué)的看法和研究有什么異同點(diǎn)？

中外學(xué)者之間最明顯的差異或許是政治上的。有左翼傾向的外國(guó)學(xué)者幾乎總是持批評(píng)態(tài)度，對(duì)他們所在國(guó)家的政府政策提出質(zhì)疑，而我在中國(guó)看到了一個(gè)相當(dāng)和諧的環(huán)境，因?yàn)楣妼?duì)政府政策的看法大體上是積極的。這就是說，公眾針對(duì)國(guó)家治理方式提出的建議是被充分考慮的，政府確實(shí)始終以維護(hù)最廣大人民的根本利益為目標(biāo)。這在其他國(guó)家?guī)缀醪淮嬖?，特別是那些有馬克思主義傾向的人，他們以這樣或那樣的方式挑戰(zhàn)政府的政策，并很可能被邊緣化。在國(guó)外，沖突而非和諧決定了學(xué)者對(duì)政府的態(tài)度。至于MEGA研究，我認(rèn)為外國(guó)學(xué)者更注重歷史語境和歷史人物與社會(huì)環(huán)境的相互作用，而中國(guó)學(xué)者似乎更注重文本及其在歷史語境中的出現(xiàn)。

對(duì)于像我這樣的非歐洲人來說，語言無疑是一個(gè)障礙。研究MEGA需要精通幾種歐洲語言，如德語、英語、法語、意大利語、俄語、古希臘語或拉丁語。對(duì)于非母語人士來說，這是一個(gè)非常困難的任務(wù)。例如，我需要提高我的法語或意大利語，以便更好地了解西歐的辯論和社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。我還需要重新?lián)炱鸲碚Z和拉丁語——我覺得我對(duì)這兩種語言的把握已經(jīng)大不如幾年前。在這方面，我非常欣賞中國(guó)的教育理念。中國(guó)政府鼓勵(lì)和支持這么多的學(xué)生出國(guó)留學(xué)，學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z言，完成學(xué)業(yè)?；貒?guó)后，他們將與同胞分享他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

3.您在國(guó)外期刊發(fā)表過很多文章，對(duì)于撰寫外語論文有什么經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享？在外文學(xué)習(xí)上有什么經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧？

迄今為止，我已經(jīng)用四種語言發(fā)表過文章:英語、德語、土耳其語和漢語。根據(jù)語言和期刊，寫作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總是不同的，因?yàn)橹R(shí)背景和期刊的要求不同。我在英語和德語上投入的時(shí)間和精力比土耳其語多，原因很簡(jiǎn)單，我們被要求盡可能多在英語和德語期刊上發(fā)表論文。根據(jù)我的理解，你在寫作論文的時(shí)候，都是在向你的讀者講述一個(gè)故事。光有好的學(xué)識(shí)是不夠的，你必須有很強(qiáng)的修辭和風(fēng)格以抓住你的讀者。你可能有一篇獨(dú)特而有價(jià)值的論文，但如果沒有良好的敘事技巧，你幾乎不可能發(fā)表。這是說，我追求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)術(shù)研究，對(duì)非常普遍的主題進(jìn)行理論化，并同時(shí)使用富有感召力的散文。

4.MEGA是馬克思主義研究的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)，您認(rèn)為MEGA研究對(duì)中國(guó)的馬克思主義研究有什么幫助？

MEGA基本上是一個(gè)關(guān)于作者、文本、讀者和語境之間的相互作用的研究。借助于MEGA，我們可以討論馬克思和恩格斯的個(gè)人生活和思想歷程;其文本的編輯史以及這些文本對(duì)不同國(guó)家?guī)状x者的影響;各種糾紛和爭(zhēng)論的歷史記錄;以及過去和現(xiàn)在的政治、知識(shí)和社會(huì)環(huán)境之間的相互作用。可以說，MEGA研究人員在實(shí)踐某種解釋學(xué):我們?cè)噲D記錄、理解和解釋文本中發(fā)生的事情，為什么作者要寫他/她所寫的東西，以及所說的是什么意思。MEGA揭示了馬克思主義歷史是如何產(chǎn)生的。首先，我們批判性地審視馬克思和恩格斯的一切，我們?cè)噲D理解他們的政治動(dòng)機(jī)和目標(biāo)，并將其與后世讀者提出的解釋進(jìn)行比較。大家都知道，我關(guān)于馬克思“波恩筆記”的一篇論文最近有幸獲得了梁贊諾夫獎(jiǎng)。我在我的這份研究中提出的一個(gè)論點(diǎn)是，我們總是被告知馬克思1842年在波恩寫了這些筆記。我認(rèn)為，至少有一部分筆記本可能是1841年寫的，而且不是在波恩。MEGA研究另一個(gè)有用的方面是，我們可以將馬克思理論的起源追溯到特定的歷史和知識(shí)背景之中?！安ǘ鞴P記”清楚地記錄了馬克思的拜物教理論來自于他對(duì)宗教和美術(shù)的哲學(xué)批判。

5.請(qǐng)您給大家分享一下您剛剛獲得“2019年度-梁贊諾夫獎(jiǎng)“的《馬克思<波恩筆記>研究》。

幾年前，張一兵教授成立了一個(gè)MEGA研究小組。我被邀請(qǐng)參與這個(gè)小組的研究。我認(rèn)為自己是幸運(yùn)的，有這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)和許多出色的學(xué)者一起討論和工作，此間我收獲甚多。我們的研究對(duì)象是從早期到后期的馬克思哲學(xué)。在這一研究中，我們側(cè)重于借助于MEGA2的第一部分和第三部分，來研究MEGA2第四部分的馬克思不同時(shí)期的筆記。去年，我接到了研究馬克思“波恩筆記”的任務(wù)，我很高興能與馬克思主義學(xué)院的李乾坤博士一起合作。我也從其他重要的同事身上收獲頗多，像張一兵教授、周嘉昕教授和劉冰菁博士。在做研究的時(shí)候，我意識(shí)到研究“波恩筆記”要比作一篇簡(jiǎn)短的期刊文章艱深的多。所以我決定突出這些筆記各個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，包括馬克思準(zhǔn)備這些筆記的動(dòng)機(jī)，馬克思和布魯諾·鮑威爾的關(guān)系，以及筆記本的科學(xué)內(nèi)容。事實(shí)上，我用德語寫作的這篇文章現(xiàn)在可能是對(duì)馬克思這一筆記的最全面的重建。我不僅批判性地研究了編輯者的評(píng)論并提出了一些反對(duì)意見，而且我還全面地描述了馬克思關(guān)于宗教藝術(shù)的筆記的內(nèi)容，他打算用這些筆記與鮑威爾合作來寫一本書。用這篇文章來申請(qǐng)馬克思恩格斯研究的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，起初完全不在計(jì)劃之中。但后來，我覺得參加這樣的活動(dòng)似乎是一個(gè)好主意。

頒獎(jiǎng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)

這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的全稱叫做“馬克思恩格斯研究大衛(wèi)-梁贊諾夫獎(jiǎng)”(David Riazanov Prize for Marx-Engels research),由一個(gè)叫做“柏林MEGA編輯促進(jìn)會(huì)”的學(xué)會(huì)頒發(fā)，每2 - 3年授予35歲以下的青年學(xué)者。羅爾夫·赫克(Rolf Hecker)、理查德·斯佩爾(Richard Sperl)、邁克爾·海因里希(Michael Heinrich)和卡爾-埃里希·沃爾格拉夫(Carl-Erich Vollgraf)等德國(guó)知名編輯和研究人員創(chuàng)建了這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)。遴選出的優(yōu)秀作品也可以發(fā)表在他們的雜志《馬克思恩格斯研究集刊新叢》 (Beitr?ge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung. Neue Folge)。該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)以創(chuàng)始人和第一主編大衛(wèi)·鮑里索維奇·梁贊諾夫的名字命名。

6.請(qǐng)您給大家劇透一下您最近打算出版的關(guān)于恩格斯的新書。

起初，我并不想寫一本關(guān)于恩格斯辯證法的書。我研究了好幾年的辯證法，去年我寫了一篇關(guān)于恩格斯的《自然辯證法》的論文，研究了術(shù)語史和恩格斯對(duì)“辯證法”一詞的用法，研究了編輯史和關(guān)于恩格斯著作的辯論。讀者對(duì)這篇文章的反應(yīng)相當(dāng)積極，讀過這篇文章的學(xué)者之一特雷爾·卡弗(Terrell Carver)邀請(qǐng)我寫一本關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的書，他正在帕爾格雷夫·麥克米蘭出版公司(Palgrave Macmillan publishing company)編輯一系列叢書。盡管一開始有些猶豫，我還是決定利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)以便更全面地闡述恩格斯的辯證法。明年是恩格斯誕辰200周年，在2020年出版這本書似乎聽起來不錯(cuò)。這本書是理解恩格斯哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)及其對(duì)馬克思主義政治和哲學(xué)背景的影響這一更大工程的一部分。我在這里記錄整理了早期和后期馬克思主義者關(guān)于馬克思恩格斯的關(guān)系、恩格斯的辯證法、馬克思主義哲學(xué)在20世紀(jì)蘇聯(lián)、德國(guó)、奧地利、法國(guó)、美國(guó)和英國(guó)的政治環(huán)境的爭(zhēng)論。我也描述了自然辯證法的編年史?！蹲匀晦q證法》原本不是一本書，而是恩格斯把一組手稿放進(jìn)四個(gè)大文件夾里。在后來的編輯手中，這部作品成了一本書。

《自然辯證法》

在《自然辯證法》一書中，恩格斯處理的是兩組普遍對(duì)立的內(nèi)容:辯證法對(duì)形而上學(xué)，唯物主義對(duì)唯心主義。我認(rèn)為許多西方學(xué)者都被馬克思與恩格斯辯證法的一致性問題所困擾。我們所掌握的所有文本記錄都指出，馬克思對(duì)恩格斯的辯證法有充分的了解和支持。有些人懷疑這一點(diǎn)，但他們沒有拿出任何文字證據(jù)。我認(rèn)為自然辯證法在很多方面都很有啟發(fā)性。首先，恩格斯的書非常認(rèn)真地對(duì)待辯證法的哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)，并對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的辯論作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。其次，探討了辯證法與形而上學(xué)的對(duì)立、唯物主義與唯心主義的對(duì)立等新的哲學(xué)問題。再次，研究恩格斯的作品要求很高:我們需要閱讀他所有的資料，并至少具有像他那樣的批判性思維。這就意味著我們必須找到恩格斯如何將自己與亞里士多德、康德、黑格爾以往的哲學(xué)辯證法聯(lián)系起來的方法，并從這個(gè)角度重新解讀恩格斯在《自然辯證法》中的政治哲學(xué)意圖和目標(biāo)。我希望這本書將有助于重振當(dāng)代恩格斯的研究。恩格斯是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)主義的奠基人之一，是國(guó)際工人階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)的重要理論家。他應(yīng)該和馬克思一樣得到關(guān)注。

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Kangal Dog: All You Need to Know about Kangal Shepherd - K9 Web

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Kangal Dog: All You Need to Know about Kangal Shepherd

Last Updated on April 25, 2023

Kangals – ever heard of them? If you have, it might have gotten into you that owning one can be dangerous or terrifying.

Also known as the Kangal Shepherd, Kurdish Kangal, or Turkish Kangal, this breed can certainly be intimidating, thanks to its massive, muscular body.

There’s more to these dogs than their appearance, though. Let’s find out more about this often misunderstood breed.

Quick Navigation1 The Kangal at a Glance2 Where Do Kangal Dogs Come From?3 How Do I Spot a Kangal?4 A tough and fearless breed5 Are Kangal dogs really dangerous?6 Debunking Myths about the Kangal Dog7 What to Expect in Raising a Kangal8 Are Kangals healthy dogs?9 How to Train a Kangal Dog?10 Getting Your First Kangal Puppy11 The final word on this mighty breed

The Kangal at a Glance

We’ve put together a table below to give you a quick overview of the Kangal.

Breed Summary

Kangal Quick Facts

Breed Purpose

Flock Guardian

Breed Size

Large-to-Giant

Height

Male: 29 inches (74 cm)

Female: 27 inches (69 cm)

Weight

Male: 110 to 150 lbs (50 to 68 kg)

Female: 80 to 120 lbs (36 to 54 kg) ?

Coat Type

Short, dense, double coat

Shedding

Moderate; Heavily twice per year

我中心研究員接受《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》專訪

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作者： 2021-07-05

人物簡(jiǎn)介康加恩（Kaan Kangal）于1986年2月26日出生于土耳其安卡拉，德國(guó)慕尼黑大學(xué)哲學(xué)博士，南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系副教授，主要研究方向?yàn)檗q證哲學(xué)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)、科學(xué)哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)哲學(xué)。于2014年5月起在南京大學(xué)馬克思主義社會(huì)理論研究中心和哲學(xué)系任教?？导佣鞲苯淌谠诮邮懿稍L時(shí)表示：馬克思主義世界觀區(qū)別于其他政治信念和意識(shí)形態(tài)的具體特征在于，其在為全人類利益奮斗的過程中，始終堅(jiān)持從以人為中心的角度理解、解釋和塑造歷史。Interview1. As a Marxist Party, what do you think is the underlying reason for the CPC to adhere to a people-oriented philosophy? How has that philosophy distinguished the Party from other political parties??Answer:?The specific feature of the Marxist worldview that distinguishes it from other political convictions and ideological beliefs is that it aims to consistently understand, explain, and shape human history from a human-centered vantage point in the service of people’s interests. CPC’s open admiration of a people-oriented philosophy speaks out this built-in feature of Marxism. What is implicit in applied scientific practice of Marxist politics is made explicit in Marxist philosophical theory. This philosophy is rightly qualified by CPC’s theoreticians as a people-centered or people-oriented philosophy. What underlies this qualification can be roughly put as follows: the practical function of Marxist politics is to serve people’s needs and interests, to improve their life standards, to increase the level of people’s welfare, and to establish a material infrastructure that ensures social security, justice, equality, and freedom. There is no other ideology that takes these long-term tasks as seriously as Marxism does. Bourgeois and petty-bourgeois parties look after the interests of minor powerful interest groups, and they attempt to present themselves as if they serve all the people. This is an illusion, and Marxism is the very antidote to this illusion. Therefore, CPC’s emphasis on a people-oriented philosophy is correct and more than welcome.2. From poverty alleviation to the fight against COVID-19, how do you think the philosophy has been exemplified in the State governance approach of the Party？How has the philosophy helped the CPC tackle major challenges?Answer:?In his 1892 pamphlet “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific”, Engels once said that the “proof of the pudding is in the eating”. By this idiom, Engels meant that regardless of how consistent your words may sound, what matters in the end is your actual deeds. Some people may not have a following of sophisticated scientific theories, but they do know very well what is in their best interest. They know what is good or bad for them by looking at the ultimate outcome of a policy. In China’s case, they look at how CPC tackles the issues of poverty alleviation and the fight against COVID-19. It is obvious that China successfully passed both tests. And this is acknowledged by Chinese and non-Chinese people alike. Moreover, these are two of the greatest accomplishments of the modern world history, and CPC deserves credit for them. ???3.?How do you perceive the emphasis given by President Xi Jinping on the importance of the people in creating the history and deciding the fate of a nation and a people? What do you think of the weight of the philosophy in the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the new era?Answer:?In my reading, what President Xi Jinping means is this: people create their own history, and in turn, they are shaped by it. Wittingly or otherwise, people inherit their past from the angle of present purposes and future goals. The point, however, is that they see themselves as the subject of history, holding the power to correctly judge the legacies of the past, reevaluate them and draw lessons from them to create a better future. This is indeed the material premise for shaping history and deciding a people’s fate. As a friend of Chinese people, I warmly support this emphasis given by President Xi Jinping. According to the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, one of the most significant components in Chinese people’s perception of their social reality is the guidance of CPC in historical development and social improvement of the Chinese society on the way for a better future. This vision of the future encompasses a nation-wide solidarity of Chinese people, on one side, and an active contribution to a peaceful international world order, on the other. From a foreigner’s perspective, the visionary epithet “New Era” suggests that China is prepared to face the new challenges of our age and ready to cooperate with other nations. This is to say that CPC acknowledges and embraces its responsibility not only towards Chinese people but also towards the international community. Foreigners such as myself have a great deal to learn, and draw lessons, from the historical experience of Chinese people.China Daily：“Path to glory”?2021年7月1日Party keeps putting people firstLI MIN/CHINA DAILYCPC strives to ensure no one gets left behind on the path to become a modern, prosperous socialist countryA patchwork of wooden ladders that rose precariously up the steep side of a mountain used to be the only link between Mose Lazuo's village, perched on a 1,400-meter-high cliff, and the world outside. For Mose and the other children living in Atuleer, a village in Zhaojue county, Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture in Sichuan province, navigating the steep cliffs via the ladders was the only way to get to school and then go back home, a trip that was exhausting, often treacherous, and at times fatal.Mose's family, who have lived in the cliffside village for generations, delayed her attendance in primary school until she was 10, when they believed she was capable of making the trip. Even then her father tied a rope around his waist and hers to ensure her safety.The lack of convenient access to the outside world also defined the villagers' subsistence living, as most residents would only travel outside once a week to obtain basic necessities and sell crops such as Sichuan peppercorns and walnuts.In May 2020, Mose and her fellow villagers were relocated from their adobe huts to new apartment complexes at the county seat as part of the nation's efforts to fulfill the pledge to lift all the country's rural poor out of extreme poverty by the end of last year.The resettlement, which not only shortened the travel time between Mose's home and school to five minutes but also ushered in new job opportunities for the villagers, typifies China's poverty alleviation drive over the past eight years and the dedication of the Communist Party of China to improve people's livelihoods.Kaan Kangal,?an associate professor at the Center for Studies of Marxist Social Theory of Nanjing University, said that the poverty alleviation efforts demonstrate the CPC's adherence to the people-oriented philosophy of Marxism.The practical function of Marxist politics is to serve people's needs and interests, to improve their living standards, to increase the level of people's welfare and to establish a material infrastructure that ensures social security, justice, equality and freedom.Serving the peopleTo many analysts and observers, the campaign, in which the country lifted all its 98.99 million impoverished rural residents out of extreme poverty and removed 832 counties and 128,000 villages from the poverty-stricken list, exemplifies the people-centered philosophy of the Party.The philosophy, which is the overarching principle for the State governance of the CPC, has been the key to China's successful efforts in attaining economic growth, fighting poverty and containing the COVID-19 pandemic, they said.As a Marxist party, the CPC has always maintained that the people are the creators of history; they are the fundamental force that determines the Party and the country's future, said Tao Wenzhao, a professor of socialism with Chinese characteristics, democracy and governance at Renmin University of China.With the Party set to celebrate its 100th founding anniversary on July 1, he said the strongest testimony to the people-centered philosophy of the CPC is the emphasis given by the Party to the less advantaged groups in the society.The help given to the poor, especially those struggling in abject poverty, is a test of the conscience of the society. China's poverty alleviation drive is the best embodiment of the Party's nature and original aspiration, Tao said.President Xi Jinping, who is also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, has constantly emphasized a people-centered approach in his governance philosophy.The aspirations of the people to live a better life are the focus of our efforts, he said on Nov 15, 2012, the day he was elected general secretary of the CPC Central Committee.Acting to realize those aspirations, China has carried out a raft of initiatives to improve people's livelihoods over the past eight years. Meanwhile, securing a complete victory in the fight against abject poverty has also seen the expansion of the middle-income group from about 100 million people in 2010 to over 400 million in 2020, out of a total population of more than 1.4 billion.In 2020, the per capita disposable income of Chinese residents increased to 32,189 yuan ($5,000) from 18,311 yuan in the last quarter of 2012, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.Aid and rescue workers help local residents trapped by severe floods in Guzhen, a town in Anhui province, on July 20, 2020.?SHI JIAMIN/FOR CHINA DAILYShowing care and concernThe CPC has enshrined its purpose of wholeheartedly serving the people in the Party's Constitution, which stipulates that the CPC has no special interests other than representing the interests of the people.The biggest political advantage the Party has is its close ties with the people while the biggest potential danger it faces as a governing party is becoming distanced from them, the CPC's Constitution states.In the report he delivered to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, Xi said that the Party must ensure the principal status of the people and adhere to the Party's commitment to serving the public good and exercising power in the interests of the people.We must observe the Party's fundamental purpose of wholeheartedly serving the people and put into practice the Party's mass line in all aspects of governance, he said.Xi made fulfilling the Party's poverty alleviation pledge a top priority, and he chaired seven symposiums on poverty reduction and made over 50 inspection trips to poor areas, including all of the country's 14 contiguous poverty-stricken areas to stress the importance of the work.He called upon officials to worry about the people, love the people and think frequently about bringing benefits to the people, saying that they should implement measures that are more targeted, more extensive in coverage and generated more immediate outcomes.Highlighting this, when the difficult living environment and material deprivation of the residents of Atuleer caught the attention of Xi, after it was reported by media outlets, he voiced his concern for the villagers and how distressing it was that they had to rely on the rattan ladders during a discussion with the deputies from Sichuan in March 2017 during the annual session of the 12th National People's Congress, the top legislature, in Beijing.Xi visited Zhaojue county in February 2018, where he spoke with Yi ethnic villagers and highlighted the importance of ensuring that no ethnic group, family or individual will be left behind as the nation builds itself into a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Robert Kuhn, chairman of the Kuhn Foundation and winner of the China Reform Friendship Medal, said Xi has set an example that leaders and officials can follow in acting on a people-centered philosophy.Almost everywhere Xi goes, he stresses poverty alleviation and encourages Party officials to visit impoverished areas regularly and interact with poor people directly, he said.Going forward, Kuhn said the people-centered philosophy of the CPC can be seen in the rural vitalization strategy, which seeks to reduce the imbalances between urban and rural areas and ensure rural residents enjoy a high quality of life.Winning people's trustIn the eyes of analysts, China's fight against COVID-19 has also embodied the Party's people-oriented governance philosophy.It is because the Party put life and people front and center, and took the most comprehensive, rigorous and thorough prevention and control measures that China became the first country to largely bring the situation under control and achieve the resumption of work and production, said Tao Wenzhao, the Renmin University of China professor.China has offered free medical treatment to COVID-19 patients and made it a top priority to improve the cure rate and reduce the fatality rate of patients.From infants who had only been born 30 hours to centenarians, from international students to expats in China, every life was given full protection and care. The value of each person's life and their dignity were offered meticulous care during the process, Xi said in a grand gathering that commended the role models in the country's fight against the virus in September.Robert Griffiths, general secretary of the Communist Party of Britain, said that having the trust of the people and the involvement of the people was undoubtedly the key to China's successful efforts to control the novel coronavirus. I would say it was the closeness of the Chinese Communist Party to the people, that was the kernel of the experience of China and its people, he said, adding that this feature of the Party stands out throughout its history.The CPC's close links with the people mean it has gained the trust and support of the grassroots, which enables the whole of the country to respond to and successfully overcome huge challenges like the COVID-19 epidemic and poverty, Griffiths observed.The CPC is a party that emerged from the people, was created by the people, and it's always sought to stay close to the people, he said.Fruit farmers load hybrid oranges onto a delivery vehicle in Shimian county, Sichuan province, in March. The local government worked with China Poverty Alleviation Foundation to promote marketing and branding of the fruit.?LIU MENGQI/XINHUAConfidence in the futureWith China on course to deliver its target of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, analysts said the future focus of the Party's people-oriented strategy will shift toward shared prosperity.Xi outlined a two-stage development plan for the period from 2020 to the middle of this century in his report to the 19th CPC National Congress. He said that the first stage, between 2020 and 2035, would be the period in which rights of the people to participate and to develop as equals are adequately protected, with people leading more comfortable lives, and the size of the middle-income group growing considerably.To lead the people to a better life is our Party's abiding goal. We must put the people's interests above all else, see that the gains of reform and development benefit all our people in a fair way and strive to achieve shared prosperity for everyone, he said.Tao, the professor, said to attain shared prosperity is the most difficult aspect of the Party's long-range goal to 2035.It (the work to ensure common prosperity) would be the most telling aspect of the nature of the Party and our society, he said, adding that China is still a developing nation, and it is still faced with issues of inadequate and unbalanced development.As the nation pursues growth, it must give more priority to equality and ensure that substantial progress is achieved in sharing the country's prosperity, he added.The Party's poverty alleviation drive has already fundamentally reshaped the lives of Mose Lazuo and her fellow villagers, and it has given them greater confidence in the future.Mose said she is hoping that she will further her studies to become a schoolteacher in the near future, and her mother has taken advantage of the influx of tourists to run a guest house.As long as the road is connected, the future will be full of opportunities, she said.

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Everything You Need to Know About the Kangal - Animalso

Everything You Need to Know About the Kangal - Animalso Dog Food20 Best Puppy Foods in 202223 Best Senior Dog FoodDog Food For Specific BreedsDog Food Brands ReviewsCan I Give My Dog THISDog CratesBest Dog Crates of 2022Best 15 Small Dog CratesBest 30 Large Dog CratesBest 10 Airline Approved Dog Carriers and Crates in 20228 Best Heavy Duty Dog Crates in 2022What To Put (And NOT To Put) In A Dog Crate And Where to Place itWhat Size Dog Crate Do You Need? [The Ultimate Guide]Dog TrainingPet Product ReviewsBreedsBy SizeToy Dog BreedsSmall Dog BreedsMedium Dog BreedsLarge Dog BreedsGiant Dog BreedsBy CharacteristicsSmartestBest FamilyKids FriendlyEasy To TrainBest GuardCutestLow SheddingSave 30% On Dog’s SuppliesHome ? Breed ? Everything You Need to Know About the KangalEverything You Need to Know About the KangalThis page contains affiliate links. We may earn money or products from the companies mentioned in this post through our independently chosen links, which earn us a commission. Learn MoreThe Kangal Shepherd Dog is a guardian dog breed that originated from Sivas, Turkey also known as Turkish Kangal or Anatolian Kangal. It’s a large dog breed at about 28 to 34 inches tall, weighing anywhere between 90 to 150 pounds. The average lifespan of the Kangal Shepherd is around 13 to 15 years.With its roots in Turkestan, the Kangal comes from an ancient lineage of mastiffs (just like another huge dog Pakistani Mastiff AKA Bully Kutta), guarding livestock such as sheep against large predators.Despite its intimidating stature and protective tendencies, look into those big, droopy brown eyes and you’ll see the Kangal for what it truly is: a gentle giant with an undying love and loyalty for its human(s). Could this giant be the perfect four-legged addition to your family?Let’s dive into the world of Kangals and review the characteristics that make up this beautiful breed of dog.Contents & Quick NavigationA Bit of Kangal HistoryWhat Does a Kangal Look Like?What Are the 4 Top Traits of a Kangal?1. They are pretty darn smart2. Kangals are family dogs3. They can handle being alone4. They’re built toughSo, Just How Strong is the Kangal Dog?Kangal vs Wolf: Can a Domesticated Dog Dethrone the King of the Wild?Kangal vs. Lion: The Ultimate Dog and Cat RivalryKangal vs Pitbull: Jaws of Steel Clash in the Canine KingdomAre Kangal Dogs a Recognized Breed in the US?Kangal vs. Anatolian Shepherd: Are they separate breeds?SimilaritiesDifferencesThe 101 on Kangal HealthKeep Your Kangal in Good Health with These 3 TipsWhat About Kangal Temperament & Behavior?Want to Buy a Kangal Puppy?Kangal BreedersKangal RescuesConclusionA Bit of Kangal HistoryOnce upon a time, farmers from the Kangal District of Sivas Province in Turkey faced a major dilemma. The constant impending danger their livestock faced from top-tier predators, such as wolves and bears, was reducing the numbers of their flocks.They needed a hero, someone with immense strength, agility, and intelligence. But where could they find such a candidate to go up against, say, a monstrous hungry bear?That’s when the Kangal sheepdog made its debut (similar to Caucasian Mountain Shepherds who were also bred to protect flocks?from wolves), as the prized shepherd dog of the Aga of Kangal.This prosperous family was comprised of landholders and chieftains, who utilized the Kangal’s extraordinary strength to protect their flocks. Word of the Kangal’s defensive skills spread, prompting other villagers to breed their own.Cross-breeding was not an issue in this region. Interestingly, Muslims are not permitted to keep animals in the house, so Kangal dogs are rarely found at home with families in Turkey.Instead, they stay out on the plains with the flocks. This isolation helped Kangals retain a strong, pure bloodline, exemplified in their unwavering, cool disposition and streamlined appearance.The Kangal dog has long been heralded an icon of the Turks, treasured as the national dog. Its muscular body adorns Turkish stamps and coins, and breeding kennels are held in the highest esteem, maintaining immaculate pedigrees.What Does a Kangal Look Like?The Kangal is truly a magnificent specimen, standing tall with a muscular build that has evolved over time to accommodate harsh climates and rough terrain.It is indeed a giant dog, but not as large as other mastiff breeds. Years spent shepherding livestock across vast expanses of land have helped the Kangal to naturally finetune its agility and speed.A wide head that is a bit lion-like is accompanied by velvety drop ears and the body is long with a curled tail.Coat: The Kangal sports a short, double coat of thick fur that is a sandy color, while its face sports black fur that resembles a mask. Its ears are also tinged in black fur. It is not uncommon to find a few white markings on the chest, chin or toes, but otherwise, a true Kangal won’t exhibit any other color patterns, such as brindled.Height & Weight: A male Kangal can weigh up to 143 lbs (65 kg) and can grow up to 34 inches (85 cm) in height while a female Kangal can weigh up to 121 lbs (55 kg) and can grow up to 29 inches (75 cm) in height.Fun Fact: Kangal dogs can also sport cropped ears. This is done because some believe that cropping allows sound to travel into the ears easier, improving hearing. Keep in mind that ear cropping is quite controversial, and is actually banned in the UK.What Are the 4 Top Traits of a Kangal?1. They are pretty darn smartKangals were bred to be vigorous and attentive. With their knack for shepherding they are quite intelligent, keeping a watchful eye on approaching danger and learning about its surroundings quickly.With a Kangal, you’ll have a dog that thinks like a pack leader, and as its human, you are a cherished member of its pack. As with most breeds, training is most beneficial when started from a young age and must be kept up going into their adult lives.2. Kangals are family dogsAlthough they might get testy if an unfamiliar dog saunters up for a sniff, don’t worry too much- this is just those hardwired shepherding genes at work playing guardian.When it comes to human interaction, Kangals are known to be friendly and gentle, including around children.3. They can handle being aloneFrom years spent traversing the wilderness of rural Turkey without human guidance as it guards the flocks, the Kangal dog has developed a strong sense of independence.If you have to run out for groceries or want to grab a coffee, this breed does well on its own.4. They’re built toughA hardy dog, as mentioned in the first paragraph the Kangals lifespan numbers 13 to 15 years. Just be sure to provide this dog with the physical and mental stimulation it needs. It’s a big dog that enjoys time outdoors to stretch those long legs in a wide, open environment.Check out this video that showcases the Kangal’s impressive size and power.So, Just How Strong is the Kangal Dog?Strength is what this breed is known for, and remains a hot topic among canine enthusiasts. The Kangal bite force is said to be the strongest of all dog breeds. Their bite has been measured at 743 PSI!Don’t fear though, as these dogs are not bred to be unpredictably aggressive, only showcasing their immense power when taking a protective stance over the pack.With the crown for the strongest dog bite, it’s only natural that a discussion regarding worthy opponents would crop up that seeks to challenge this Hercules-esque legacy. Let’s take a look at some of the most interesting comparisons in the animal kingdom.Kangal vs Wolf: Can a Domesticated Dog Dethrone the King of the Wild?In Turkey, farmers cherish the Kangal and its ability to protect livestock from wolves. From the time they are puppies, training begins with a wolf pelt to smell, in order to become familiar with their future nemesis.As adults, it’s common to see working Kangals sporting a spiked collar, which protects them from wolf bites. The spiked collar is much needed, as a wolf harnesses a bite force of around 400 PSI. It is said that a large wolf can bite down with 1,200 PSI if protecting itself.Regardless, The Kangal’s eagerness to defend, intelligence and attentiveness put them on the same playing field as a wolf, especially after spending most of its working life in wolf territory. As well, they have been known to kill wolves. The Turks say that a successful dog is one that has “strangled a wolf.”In the modern age, flocks in Turkey have dwindled with the rise of industrialized farming, and so then has the threat of wolves.It’s becoming more uncommon to witness a Kangal and wolf battle. But, with its strapping size, incredible speed, and bone-crushing bite, we’re pretty sure a Kangal fits the description as a wolf’s worst nightmare.Kangal vs. Lion: The Ultimate Dog and Cat RivalryLegend has it that during the time of the Assyrians, the first Kangal was bred from a Lion (just like Thai Ridgeback). How so, you ask? Well, take a look at that lion-like size and bite. Ok, so maybe it’s only a legend, but in ancient times, this power pooch was supposedly used for protection against lions, wolves, and bears.Today, battles against lions is left to shepherd storytelling under the stars, but in real life, the Kangal is being used to protect against another big cat.Since 1994, around 500 Kangal dogs have been given to farmers in Namibia by the Cheetah Conservation Fund in an effort to protect livestock from Cheetah attacks and hopefully lower the rate of cheetahs killed by farmers.The experiment was a success! The size and strength of the Kangal dog along with its acute guarding capabilities helped reduce the killing of farm animals and cheetahs, and the project has now spread into Kenya.So, if a Kangal can go up against a cheetah, can it take on the jaws of a lion? A cheetah has a bite force of 475 PSI while a lion has a bite force of…a whopping 1,000 PSI! It’s safe to say that as impressive as the Kangal is, it might have met its match with a lion.Kangal vs Pitbull: Jaws of Steel Clash in the Canine KingdomThe American Pitbull Terrier is another dog breed known for its muscle power and terrifying bite. Although its bite force is only 235 PSI, it’s those monster jaws and unpredictable temper that have earned them one of the most feared reputations when it comes to dangerous breeds.A Kangal dog has a much stronger bite force at 743 PSI, so it’s safe to say that it could take on a Pitbull. Unfortunately though, if these two dog breeds were to meet, it might be under most desperate circumstances. Both breeds are widely used for the appalling and inhumane practice of dog fighting.In the US, the pitbull is the popular dog of choice for fighting, and in Turkey- it’s the Kangal. A lucrative blood sport, the use of Kangal dogs is becoming more prevalent, resulting in dire consequences.Since the Kangal is naturally a defensive dog, cross-breeding is done on purpose to disrupt temperament and increase aggression.Steroids and drugs are also introduced to inflame behavior. This has muddled the preservation of a pure bloodline, as well as tarnished the Kangal’s iconic image as the country’s national treasure.How can you stand up against the evils of dog fighting? Even the smallest action can make a big difference for a dog’s life in the long run. This informative guide by the Humane Society is a good place to start.Are Kangal Dogs a Recognized Breed in the US?As the Kangal grows in popularity, so has careless breeding practices, especially when geared towards dogfighting. In an effort to preserve this magnificent breed, Turkey has banned the export of Kangals. The few officially recognized breeders in Europe and North America are impassioned devotees to this dog’s legacy and heritage.Owning and breeding Kangal dogs is legal in the US, although laws vary from state to state, so this is necessary to keep tabs on if you’re interested in this dog.The Kangal has not yet been recognized by the American Kennel Club, but they are recognized by the following:American Canine Association – ACAAmerican Canine Registry – ACRUnited Kennel Club – UKCAmerican Pet Registry, Inc – APRIContinental Kennel Club – CKCDog Registry of America, Inc –DRAKangal Dog Club of America – KDCANational Kennel Club – NKCKangal vs. Anatolian Shepherd: Are they separate breeds?KangalAnatolian ShepherdBoth of these fine breeds come from an ancient lineage of herding dogs in Turkey, and though they may share several similarities, they are also recognized as separate breeds. Learn all about them below with our nifty comparison.SimilaritiesBoth are working dogs, well adapted to life in the outdoors.Highly intelligent and easy to train.Gentle disposition towards adults and children.DifferencesWhile Kangals help herd and protect (they have been known to stay with sheep for days without eating), the Anatolian Shepherd is more of a watchdog, scouting out danger while the shepherd guides livestock.Kangals are dun or tan in color with black masks and black ears while Anatolian Shepherds are a light “sesame” color most of the time. They can sport many colors or splotches of color, and they may have a black mask, but not always.Both come from ancient lineages in Turkey, but the Kangal is native to the Kangal District of Sivas Province in Turkey while the Anatolian Shepherd is native to the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey.The 101 on Kangal HealthHardy and strong, having come from tightly regulated breeding lines, Kangals are generally healthy dogs with an extensive lifespan. Though health problems are few, there are still some to keep in mind- as with all dog breeds.These health issues include:Benign tumors: These appear as harmless bumps on the skin or large growths that can cause discomfort and disrupt daily activities (like sitting or moving).Entropion: When the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward, causing discomfort and corneal irritation.Hip dysplasia: A hip joint deformity leading to painful arthritic joints and lameness.If you’re looking to purchase or adopt a Kangal, don’t forget to ask the breeder for health documentation on the parents. Contact breeders that breed for working dogs instead of aesthetics.In the past, Kangal bloodlines stayed pure due to pairing mates that demonstrated good health, agility, and physical prowess while herding in the plains.Keep Your Kangal in Good Health with These 3 TipsKangals require plenty of exercises, whether it’s long walks, running or letting them out in a large yard to roam.By keeping them cooped up indoors for long periods, Kangals tend to exhibit signs of depression.A seasonal heavy shedder, the Kangal’s thick coat needs a thorough brushing twice a year during spring and fall.What About Kangal Temperament & Behavior?Don’t feel intimidated by the Kangal’s massive size! True, it’s a protective breed, but the Kangal treats its human family as its flock. It’s also wonderful around children and other family pets.As they are large dogs, Kangals require vast space, so an apartment is probably not the best environment for them, especially if you are out of the house all day and cannot be home to let them outside.They need daily physical and mental stimulation, or else boredom sets in. A Kangal left idle for too long could lead to unwanted chewing, digging, chasing and herding behavior.How can you mold the behavioral progression of your Turkish Kangal?By initiating training and socialization at the puppy stage, a Kangal will develop a calm temperament, as they are not naturally aggressive or out-of-control.Selective breeding has played a crucial impact on their calm disposition. That’s why we stress the importance of digging into the family tree when consulting a Kangal breeder to confirm responsible breeding.Want to Buy a Kangal Puppy?Kangal BreedersCute, fluffy rolly-polly puppy goodness- it’s mind-blowing to think these cute Kangal puppies will grow up to be huge guard dogs!If you feel ready to take on the responsibility of raising a Kangal pup, remember that this dog makes an excellent family dog, but requires special attention as to how it’s raised.It all begins with where you choose to purchase your Kangal. Here is a reputable list of USA based breeders.Banks Mountain Farm: Located in rural North Carolina, this family raises livestock on their 25-acre farm the old fashioned way, with Kangal dogs leading the flocks. They also breed Kangals for use as working dogs.Kangal Dog Town: This breeder is passionate about the Kangal dog, and has traveled to Europe and Turkey to meet with high profile breeders. If you’re looking for a breeder who is serious about preserving the best traits of this dog, this is a Kangal lover that holds responsible breeding to the highest esteem.Evans Mill Cattle Company: This family-run farm is all about preserving the land by farming responsibly. They raise purebred Kangal dogs, with extensive knowledge on responsible breeding and a strong dedication for preserving Turkey’s national treasure.Purebred Kangals are rare in the US since exportation from Turkey was banned in an attempt to preserve pure bloodlines. Because of this, the price can cost anywhere from $2,000- $4,000 for a Kangal pup.Kangal RescuesDon’t overlook adoption, as there are rescue Kangal dogs looking for their forever home! Here is a list of trustworthy rescue organizations to consider:The Kangal Dog Club of America: Find listings for Kangal rescue dogs in the US here, along with plenty of informative advice for first-time owners.Kangal Dogs International: This is an online community that regularly posts rescue Kangal ads on their Facebook page to spread the word about Kangals in need of homes.ConclusionThe Kangal dog is without a doubt, a prized breed. Besides its majestic appearance and fascinating history, this dog makes for a wonderful family pet.They are calm, gentle and loving towards adults and children– just make sure they receive plenty of exercises every day. Turkish Kangals are guard dogs at heart, so don’t be surprised by their natural protectiveness. They do best in wide, open spaces, not in a cramped apartment. They naturally exhibit pack leader instincts, so it’s important to affirm that you are the pack leader! To do this, training from a young age is essential to develop obedience and socialization.All in all, this breed requires ample time and dedication to bring out its best traits, but it certainly is a dog that when given the attention it needs, will show you a tenacious loyalty unlike any other.What do you think about the Kangal dog? Tell us in the comments! About Alexandra Animalso I was raised to be a dog person. My first Shepherd grew up as I did and wanted to be where I was at all times. I got my second dog as a 16th birthday present, and her loyalty for me was just as strong as my first. I hope that my contribution to Animalso will help others find dogs who give them that same unconditional love.Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *CommentName * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Recent posts Embrace the Elegance: Getting to Know the Black Pitbull Black Pomeranian Magic: Unveiling the Beauty of These Petite Canine Companions Can Dogs Eat Brussels Sprouts? Unleash the Truth About This Veggie Treat! The Bolognese Dog: Italy’s Fluffy Companion You’ll Adore Black Chow Chow: A Blend of Beauty, Brains, and LoyaltyAFFILIATE DISCLOSUREAnimalso.com is a participant in different Affiliate programs, including Chewy, Inc. and the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.Copyright 2022 by AnimalsoNeed Help?About UsPrivacy Policy & DisclaimerContact UsFollow us Copyright ? 2024 All Rights Reserved.

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我校外籍教師康加恩發(fā)表關(guān)于馬克思與鮑威爾研究的最新成果

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2020-12-28

點(diǎn)擊次數(shù)：

作者：哲學(xué)系

來源：哲學(xué)系

近日，我校馬克思主義社會(huì)理論研究中心研究員康加恩（Kaan Kangal）副教授在著名國(guó)際期刊《歷史唯物主義》上發(fā)表研究性論文，題目為《文本中的“波恩筆記”——重思卡爾·馬克思和布魯諾·鮑威爾在1839年至1842年間的關(guān)系》?？导佣鞲苯淌谑堑聡?guó)慕尼黑大學(xué)哲學(xué)博士，精通土耳其文、德文、英文、俄文、拉丁文，主要研究方向?yàn)檗q證哲學(xué)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)、科學(xué)哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)哲學(xué)。于2014年5月起在南京大學(xué)馬克思主義社會(huì)理論研究中心和哲學(xué)系任教。在《文本中的“波恩筆記”》一文中，作者對(duì)1839年至1842年間鮑威爾與馬克思合作進(jìn)行批判性重構(gòu)。文章提出，在這一時(shí)期，馬克思的思想產(chǎn)生巨大變化，他與布魯諾·鮑威爾的關(guān)系也處在不穩(wěn)定之中。與之相應(yīng)，馬克思在這一時(shí)期經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)實(shí)苦難、思想矛盾和未完成的手稿也將成為本文研究的焦點(diǎn)。兩人之間最初的矛盾關(guān)系，既蘊(yùn)含著合作的可能，也埋下了分道揚(yáng)鑣的伏筆。對(duì)這種矛盾關(guān)系的分析首先要追溯到1841年之前。當(dāng)馬克思在博士俱樂部剛認(rèn)識(shí)鮑威爾的時(shí)候，鮑威爾還是一位支持教會(huì)教義的有神論者。然而到了1839年底或者1840年初，鮑威爾已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向到了無神論，當(dāng)時(shí)他正計(jì)劃對(duì)正統(tǒng)神學(xué)進(jìn)行全面的攻擊，并希望馬克思能夠支持他。這種對(duì)正統(tǒng)神學(xué)的批判存續(xù)于鮑威爾和黑格爾的學(xué)說之中。據(jù)悉，《歷史唯物主義》是一本成立于1997年的國(guó)際性馬克思主義雜志，每年出版四次，總部設(shè)在倫敦。作為一本跨學(xué)科的期刊，其致力于探索和發(fā)展馬克思主義理論的批判性和解釋性。

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Everything You Need to Know About the Kangal - Animalso

我校外籍教師康加恩發(fā)表關(guān)于馬克思與鮑威爾研究的最新成果-南京大學(xué)

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国产人妇三级视频在线观看_女乡长的太紧了太深_在线观看的a站_欲妇荡岳丰满少妇岳_八角笼中在线电影免费_强行扒开双腿疯狂猛躁3p视频_蜜臀av无码久久久久久久_av亚洲国产小电影_被喂春药蹂躏的欲仙欲死视频

kangal

kangal

Kangal Dog: Complete Breed Guide (Temperament, Lifespan and Facts) | All Things Dogs

坎高犬_百度百科

康加恩

傳說中的土耳其鬥犬－坎高犬（Kangal） - 土女時(shí)代 ︱你的土耳其文化小百科 - 土女時(shí)代 ︱你的土耳其文化小百科

Kangal: dog breed temperament and characteristics

人物訪談 | 康加恩：異域中的馬克思主義深耕_中國(guó)

Kangal Dog: All You Need to Know about Kangal Shepherd - K9 Web

我中心研究員接受《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》專訪

Everything You Need to Know About the Kangal - Animalso

我校外籍教師康加恩發(fā)表關(guān)于馬克思與鮑威爾研究的最新成果-南京大學(xué)

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傳說中的土耳其鬥犬－坎高犬（Kangal） - 土女時(shí)代︱你的土耳其文化小百科 - 土女時(shí)代︱你的土耳其文化小百科